La déficience intellectuelle (du diagnostic en puces ADN à l'identification de gènes candidats)

L'analyse chromosomique sur puce ADN (ACPA) tend à devenir le principal examen diagnostique dans la déficience intellectuelle (DI). Parmi les techniques d'ACPA, les puces SNP ont l'intérêt de pouvoir détecter les pertes d'hétérozygotie, et par conséquent d identifier les isodisomies uniparentales (iUPD) et les zones d'identité liées à la consanguinité. Nous avons étudié une cohorte de 1 187 patients atteints de DI, dans un cadre diagnostique, sur puces SNP. Nous avons réalisé, par cette étude, 145 diagnostics (12%) dont 2 iUPD et 6 délétions n'incluant qu'un seul gène. De plus, nous avons détecté 639 CNV rares non décrits chez des sujets contrôles et incluant des séquences codantes, ce qui nous a permis d'identifier 11 gènes candidats dans la DI : CAMTA1, SP3, CNTNAP4, NUDT12, STXBP6, DOCK8, DOCK10, SMARCA2, NYAP2, ATAD3A et ATAD3B. Nous avons tenté de valider l'implication de ces gènes par séquençage, mais n'avons trouvé de seconde mutation pour aucun d'entre eux. Toutefois, des réarrangements de CAMTA1 ont été retrouvés dans 2 autres familles avec un phénotype homogène (DI et ataxie congénitale) ce qui nous a permis d affirmer qu'il s'agit d'un gène de DI. Par ailleurs, l'homozygosity mapping, réalisé avec puces SNP, a identifié, par séquençage whole exome, une mutation non-sens homozygote du gène BUD13 dans une famille de DI syndromique. Enfin, de façon fortuite, nous avons caractérisé en ACPA une translocation familiale entraînant une disruption d'un gène d'ataxie spino-cérébelleuse, ATXN10, ce qui a permis de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de cette maladie. Au total, notre étude démontre l'intérêt des puces SNP dans la DI, d'une part en diagnostic et d'autre part pour l'identification de nouveaux gènes responsables de DI.Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) has become the main diagnostic test in the field of intellectual disability (ID). Among CMA techniques, SNP arrays have the advantage of identifying losses of heterozygosity in addition to Copy Number Variants (CNVs). Therefore they can detect uniparental isodisomies (iUPD) and regions of identity by descent. We screened a cohort of 1,187 patients with ID, in diagnostic setting, by CMA using SNP arrays. Causal abnormalities, including 2 iUPDs and 6 deletions comprising only one gene, were detected in 145 patients (12%). Moreover we found 639 rare CNVs, absent from control individuals, which included coding sequences. Our results allowed us to identify 11 genes possibly involved in or contributing to ID: CAMTA1, SP3, CNTNAP4, NUDT12, STXBP6, DOCK8, DOCK10, SMARCA2, NYAP2, ATAD3A and ATAD3B. We then screened additional patients with similar phenotypes in order to find a second mutation, but no second mutation was identified in any of them. Besides, CAMTA1 rearrangements were also found among two other families with homogeneous phenotypes (ID and congenital ataxia), which confirms that this gene is involved in ID. Furthermore, thanks to homozygosity mapping made possible by SNP arrays combined with exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the BUD13 gene, in a family with syndromic ID. Finally we incidentally characterized a familial translocation resulting in the disruption of ATXN10, a gene responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia. This translocation has helped to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease. Overall, our study shows the importance of SNP arrays for the molecular diagnosis of ID and as a tool to identify genes responsible for ID.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Protean proteases: At the cutting edge of lung diseases

Proteases were traditionally viewed as mere protein-degrading enzymes with a very restricted spectrum of substrates. A major expansion in protease research has uncovered a variety of novel substrates, and it is now evident that proteases are critical pleiotropic actors orchestrating pathophysiological processes. Recent findings evidenced that the net proteolytic activity also relies upon interconnections between different protease and protease inhibitor families in the protease web.In this review, we provide an overview of these novel concepts with a particular focus on pulmonary pathophysiology. We describe the emerging roles of several protease families including cysteine and serine proteases.The complexity of the protease web is exemplified in the light of multidimensional regulation of serine protease activity by matrix metalloproteases through cognate serine protease inhibitor processing. Finally, we will highlight how deregulated protease activity during pulmonary pathogenesis may be exploited for diagnosis/prognosis purposes, and utilised as a therapeutic tool using nanotechnologies.Considering proteases as part of an integrative biology perspective may pave the way for the development of new therapeutic targets to treat pulmonary diseases related to intrinsic protease deregulation

Variant recurrence confirms the existence of a FBXO31-related spastic-dystonic cerebral palsy syndrome

The role of genetics in the causation of cerebral palsy has become the focus of many studies aiming to unravel the heterogeneous etiology behind this frequent neurodevelopmental disorder. A recent paper reported two unrelated children with a clinical diagnosis of cerebral palsy, who carried the same de novo c.1000G \u3e A (p.Asp334Asn) variant in FBXO31, encoding a widely studied tumor suppressor not previously implicated in monogenic disease. We now identified a third individual with the recurrent FBXO31 de novo missense variant, featuring a spastic-dystonic phenotype. Our data confirm a link between variant FBXO31 and an autosomal dominant neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by prominent motor dysfunction

KIF1C Variants Are Associated with Hypomyelination, Ataxia, Tremor, and Dystonia in Fraternal Twins

Background: KIF1C (Kinesin Family Member 1C) variants have been associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia and spastic ataxia. Case report: We report fraternal twins presenting with cerebellar ataxia and dystonic tremor. Their brain MRI showed a hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy. Whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous KIF1C variant in both patients. Discussion: KIF1C variants can manifest as a complex movement disorder with cerebellar ataxia and dystonic tremor. KIF1C variants may also cause a hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy

Heterozygous De Novo UBTF Gain-of-Function Variant Is Associated with Neurodegeneration in Childhood.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed from rDNA by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) to produce the 45S precursor of the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNA components of the ribosome. Two transcription factors have been defined for Pol I in mammals, the selectivity factor SL1, and the upstream binding transcription factor (UBF), which interacts with the upstream control element to facilitate the assembly of the transcription initiation complex including SL1 and Pol I. In seven unrelated affected individuals, all suffering from developmental regression starting at 2.5-7 years, we identified a heterozygous variant, c.628G\u3eA in UBTF, encoding p.Glu210Lys in UBF, which occurred de novo in all cases. While the levels of UBF, Ser388 phosphorylated UBF, and other Pol I-related components (POLR1E, TAF1A, and TAF1C) remained unchanged in cells of an affected individual, the variant conferred gain of function to UBF, manifesting by markedly increased UBF binding to the rDNA promoter and to the 5\u27- external transcribed spacer. This was associated with significantly increased 18S expression, and enlarged nucleoli which were reduced in number per cell. The data link neurodegeneration in childhood with altered rDNA chromatin status and rRNA metabolism

Correction: Association of Rare Genetic Variants in Opioid Receptors with Tourette Syndrome.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.5334/tohm.464.]

Association of Rare Genetic Variants in Opioid Receptors with Tourette Syndrome

Background: Genes involved in Tourette syndrome (TS) remain largely unknown. We aimed to identify genetic factors contributing to TS in a French cohort of 120 individuals using a combination of hypothesis-driven and exome-sequencing approaches. Methods: We first sequenced exons of SLITRK1-6 and HDC in the TS cohort and subsequently sequenced the exome of 12 individuals harboring rare variants in these genes to find additional rare variants contributing to the disorder under the hypothesis of oligogenic inheritance. We further screened three candidate genes (OPRK1, PCDH10, and NTSR2) preferentially expressed in the basal ganglia, and three additional genes involved in neurotensin and opioid signaling (OPRM1, NTS, and NTSR1), and compared variant frequencies in TS patients and 788 matched control individuals. We also investigated the impact of altering the expression of Oprk1 in zebrafish. Results: Thirteen ultrarare missense variants of SLITRK1-6 and HDC were identified in 12 patients. Exome sequencing in these patients revealed rare possibly deleterious variants in 3,041 genes, 54 of which were preferentially expressed in the basal ganglia. Comparison of variant frequencies altering selected candidate genes in TS and control individuals revealed an excess of potentially disrupting variants in OPRK1, encoding the opioid kappa receptor, in TS patients. Accordingly, we show that downregulation of the Oprk1 orthologue in zebrafish induces a hyperkinetic phenotype in early development. Discussion: These results support a heterogeneous and complex genetic etiology of TS, possibly involving rare variants altering the opioid pathway in some individuals, which could represent a novel therapeutic target in this disorder

A YWHAZ Variant Associated With Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome Activates the RAF-ERK Pathway

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by distinctive facial features, congenital heart defects, and skin abnormalities. Several germline gain-of-function mutations in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway are associated with the disease, including KRAS, BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2. CFC syndrome thus belongs to a group of disorders known as RASopathies, which are all caused by pathogenic mutations in various genes encoding components of the RAS pathway. We recently identified novel variants in YWHAZ, a 14-3-3 family member, in individuals with a phenotype consistent with CFC that may potentially be deleterious and disease-causing. In the current study, we take advantage of the vertebrate model Xenopus laevis to analyze the functional consequence of a particular YWHAZ variant, S230W, and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity. We show that compared with wild type YWHAZ, the S230W variant induces severe embryonic defects when ectopically expressed in early Xenopus embryos. The S230W variant also rescues the defects induced by a dominant negative FGF receptor more efficiently and enhances Raf-stimulated Erk phosphorylation to a higher level than wild type YWHAZ. Although neither YWHAZ nor the variant promotes membrane recruitment of Raf proteins, the variant binds to more Raf and escapes phosphorylation by casein kinase 1a. Our data provide strong support to the hypothesis that the S230W variant of YWHAZ is a gain-of-function mutation in the RAS-ERK pathway and may underlie a CFC phenotype

Sporadic Infantile Epileptic Encephalopathy Caused by Mutations in PCDH19 Resembles Dravet Syndrome but Mainly Affects Females

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a genetically determined epileptic encephalopathy mainly caused by de novo mutations in the SCN1A gene. Since 2003, we have performed molecular analyses in a large series of patients with DS, 27% of whom were negative for mutations or rearrangements in SCN1A. In order to identify new genes responsible for the disorder in the SCN1A-negative patients, 41 probands were screened for micro-rearrangements with Illumina high-density SNP microarrays. A hemizygous deletion on chromosome Xq22.1, encompassing the PCDH19 gene, was found in one male patient. To confirm that PCDH19 is responsible for a Dravet-like syndrome, we sequenced its coding region in 73 additional SCN1A-negative patients. Nine different point mutations (four missense and five truncating mutations) were identified in 11 unrelated female patients. In addition, we demonstrated that the fibroblasts of our male patient were mosaic for the PCDH19 deletion. Patients with PCDH19 and SCN1A mutations had very similar clinical features including the association of early febrile and afebrile seizures, seizures occurring in clusters, developmental and language delays, behavioural disturbances, and cognitive regression. There were, however, slight but constant differences in the evolution of the patients, including fewer polymorphic seizures (in particular rare myoclonic jerks and atypical absences) in those with PCDH19 mutations. These results suggest that PCDH19 plays a major role in epileptic encephalopathies, with a clinical spectrum overlapping that of DS. This disorder mainly affects females. The identification of an affected mosaic male strongly supports the hypothesis that cellular interference is the pathogenic mechanism

HIDEA syndrome is caused by biallelic, pathogenic, rare or founder P4HTM variants impacting the active site or the overall stability of the P4H-TM protein

HIDEA syndrome is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in P4HTM. The phenotype is characterized by muscular and central hypotonia, hypoventilation including obstructive and central sleep apneas, intellectual disability, dysautonomia, epilepsy, eye abnormalities, and an increased tendency to develop respiratory distress during pneumonia. Here, we report six new patients with HIDEA syndrome caused by five different biallelic P4HTM variants, including three novel variants. We describe two Finnish enriched pathogenic P4HTM variants and demonstrate that these variants are embedded within founder haplotypes. We review the clinical data from all previously published patients with HIDEA and characterize all reported P4HTM pathogenic variants associated with HIDEA in silico. All known pathogenic variants in P4HTM result in either premature stop codons, an intragenic deletion, or amino acid changes that impact the active site or the overall stability of P4H-TM protein. In all cases, normal P4H-TM enzyme function is expected to be lost or severely decreased. This report expands knowledge of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of the disease.publishedVersio