Cwbr Author Interview: This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders At The Helm Of American Foreign Policy

Interview with Matthew Karp, author of This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of American Foreign Policy Interviewed by Tom Barber Civil War Book Review (CWBR): Today the Civil War Book Review is happy to speak with Matthew Karp, Assistant Professor of History at Princeton Uni...

Phase I Clinical Trials in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: 23-Year Experience From Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute

Therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has largely remained unchanged, and outcomes are unsatisfactory. We sought to analyze outcomes of AML patients enrolled in phase I studies to determine whether overall response rates (ORR) and mortality rates have changed over time

Biogeography of marine giant viruses reveals their interplay with eukaryotes and ecological functions

海洋巨大ウイルスの地理的分布を全球規模で解明 --海域による特異性が明らかに--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2020-09-08.Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) are ubiquitous in marine environments and infect diverse eukaryotes. However, little is known about their biogeography and ecology in the ocean. By leveraging the Tara Oceans pole-to-pole metagenomic data set, we investigated the distribution of NCLDVs across size fractions, depths and biomes, as well as their associations with eukaryotic communities. Our analyses reveal a heterogeneous distribution of NCLDVs across oceans, and a higher proportion of unique NCLDVs in the polar biomes. The community structures of NCLDV families correlate with specific eukaryotic lineages, including many photosynthetic groups. NCLDV communities are generally distinct between surface and mesopelagic zones, but at some locations they exhibit a high similarity between the two depths. This vertical similarity correlates to surface phytoplankton biomass but not to physical mixing processes, which suggests a potential role of vertical transport in structuring mesopelagic NCLDV communities. These results underscore the importance of the interactions between NCLDVs and eukaryotes in biogeochemical processes in the ocean

CD4+CD25+ T cells protect against experimentally induced asthma and alter pulmonary dendritic cell phenotype and function

The role of natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (T reg) cells in the control of allergic asthma remains poorly understood. We explore the impact of T reg cell depletion on the allergic response in mice susceptible (A/J) or comparatively resistant (C3H) to the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In C3H mice, anti-CD25–mediated T reg cell depletion before house dust mite treatment increased several features of the allergic diathesis (AHR, eosinophilia, and IgE), which was concomitant with elevated T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine production. In similarly T reg cell–depleted A/J mice, we observed a moderate increase in airway eosinophilia but no effects on AHR, IgE levels, or Th2 cytokine synthesis. As our experiments suggested that T reg cell depletion in C3H mice before sensitization was sufficient to enhance the allergic phenotype, we characterized dendritic cells (DCs) in T reg cell–depleted C3H mice. T reg cell–depleted mice had increased numbers of pulmonary myeloid DCs with elevated expression of major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80, and CD86. Moreover, DCs from T reg cell–depleted mice demonstrated an increased capacity to stimulate T cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production, which was concomitant with reduced IL-12 expression. These data suggest that resistance to allergen-driven AHR is mediated in part by CD4+CD25+ T reg cell suppression of DC activation and that the absence of this regulatory pathway contributes to susceptibility