Q-ball formation: Obstacle to Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the gauge-mediated SUSY breaking ?

We consider the Affleck-Dine baryogenesis comprehensively in the minimal supersymmetric standard model with gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking. Considering the high temperature effects, we see that the Affleck-Dine field is naturally deformed into the form of the Q ball. In the natural scenario where the initial amplitude of the field and the A-terms are both determined by the nonrenormalizable superpotential, we obtain only very a narrow allowed region in the parameter space in order to explain the baryon number of the universe for the case that the Q-ball formation occurs just after baryon number production. Moreover, most of the parameter sets suited have already been excluded by current experiments. We also find new situations in which the Q-ball formation takes place rather late compared with baryon number creation. This situation is more preferable, since it allows a wider parameter region for naturally consistent scenarios, although it is still difficult to realize in the actual cosmological scenario.Comment: 27 pages, RevTeX, 21 postscript figures included. The version to be publishe

Failure criterion of glass fabric reinforced plastic laminates

Failure criteria are derived for several modes of failure (in unaxial tensile or compressive loading, or biaxial combined tensile-compressive loading) in the case of closely woven plain fabric, coarsely-woven plain fabric, or roving glass cloth reinforcements. The shear strength in the interaction formula is replaced by an equation dealing with tensile or compressive strength in the direction making a 45 degree angle with one of the anisotropic axes, for the uniaxial failure criteria. The interaction formula is useful as the failure criterion in combined tension-compression biaxial failure for the case of closely woven plain fabric laminates, but poor agreement is obtained in the case of coarsely woven fabric laminates

511 keV line and diffuse gamma rays from moduli

We obtain the spectrum of gamma ray emissions from the moduli whose decay into $e^+ e^-$ accounts for the 511 keV line observed by SPI/INTERGRAL. The moduli emit gamma rays through internal bremsstrahlung, and also decay directly into two gammas via tree and/or one-loop diagrams. We show that the internal bremsstahlung constrains the mass of the moduli below $\sim 40$ MeV model-independently. On the other hand, the flux of two gammas directly decayed from the moduli through one loop diagrams will exceed the observed galactic diffuse gamma-ray background if the moduli mass exceeds $\sim 20$ MeV in the typical situation. Moreover, forthcoming analysis of SPI data in the range of 1-8 MeV may detect the line emisson with the energy half the moduli mass in the near future, which confirms the decaying moduli scenario.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, published versio

Affleck-Dine mechanism with negative thermal logarithmic potential

We investigate whether the Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism works when the contribution of the two-loop thermal correction to the potential is negative in the gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking models. The AD field is trapped far away from the origin by the negative thermal correction for a long time until the temperature of the universe becomes low enough. The most striking feature is that the Hubble parameter becomes much smaller than the mass scale of the radial component of the AD field, during the trap. Then, the amplitude of the AD field decreases so slowly that the baryon number is not fixed even after the onset of radial oscillation. The resultant baryon asymmetry crucially depends on whether the Hubble parameter, $H$, is larger than the mass scale of the phase component of the AD field, $M_\theta$, at the beginning of oscillation. If $H < M_\theta$ holds, the formation of Q balls plays an essential role to determine the baryon number, which is found to be washed out due to the nonlinear dynamics of Q-ball formation. On the other hand, if $H > M_\theta$ holds, it is found that the dynamics of Q-ball formation does not affect the baryon asymmetry, and that it is possible to generate the right amount of the baryon asymmetry.Comment: 18 pages, RevTeX4, 9 postscript figures included, final version to appear in Phys.Rev.

Convective particle transport arising from poloidal inhomogeneity in tokamak H mode

In tokamak high-confinement modes (H modes), a large poloidal flow exists within an edge transport barrier, and the electrostatic potential and density profiles can be steep both in the radial and poloidal directions. The two-dimensional structures of the electrostatic potential, density, and flow velocity near the edge of a tokamak plasma are investigated. The analysis is carried out with the momentum conservation law using the shock ordering. For the case with a strong radial electric field (H-mode case), a particle flux is induced from asymmetry of the poloidal electric field in the transport barrier. This convective transport is found to depend weakly on collisionality, and changes its direction in accordance with the direction of the radial electric field, the toroidal magnetic field, and the plasma current. The divergence of a particle flux is a source of temporal variation of the density, and there are negative divergence regions both in the inward and outward flux cases. Thus this convective particle flux is a new candidate for the cause of the rapid establishment of the density pedestal after the onset of low to high confinement mode (L/H) transition

Two-dimensionally Steep Structure of the Electric Field in Tokamak H-mode

The rapid formation of a density pedestal on an L/H transition has been raising a question why the rapid density evolution is induced. Formation of a poloidal shock structure is predicted in H-mode transport barriers, and consideration of the two-dimensional structure both in the radial and poloidal directions is inevitable to clarify the formation mechanism of the H-mode pedestal. The analyses are carried out with edge plasmas in tokamak H modes, which are induced either spontaneously or by electrode biasing. Two-dimensional structures of the potential, density and flow velocity are calculated with the momentum conservation equation. The validity of the one-dimensional L/H transition theory and the iterative process to obtain the two-dimensional structure are confirmed by our analysis. A steep electric field structure both in the radial and poloidal directions is obtained. The two-dimensional electric field induces radial ion fluxes, which increase in the H-mode transport barrier and affect the electric field. If the Boltzmann relation is violated, radial electron fluxes are induced, and affect the density evolution. Reduction of anomalous transport by the steep gradient of the radial electric field, and generation of the particle fluxes associated with the two-dimensional structure influence the rapid formation of the steep gradients in H-mode plasmas. A transport model including both effects is constructed to reveal the self-consistent mechanism of the density pedestal formation in the L/H transition

Magnetism in Graphene Induced by Single-Atom Defects

We study from first principles the magnetism in graphene induced by single carbon atom defects. For two types of defects considered in our study, the hydrogen chemisorption defect and the vacancy defect, the itinerant magnetism due to the defect-induced extended states has been observed. Calculated magnetic moments are equal to 1 $\mu_B$ per hydrogen chemisorption defect and 1.12$-$1.53 $\mu_B$ per vacancy defect depending on the defect concentration. The coupling between the magnetic moments is either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic, depending on whether the defects correspond to the same or to different hexagonal sublattices of the graphene lattice, respectively. The relevance of itinerant magnetism in graphene to the high-$T_C$ magnetic ordering is discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figure

Q-ball formation in the wake of Hubble-induced radiative corrections

We discuss some interesting aspects of the $\rm Q$-ball formation during the early oscillations of the flat directions. These oscillations are triggered by the running of soft $({\rm mass})^2$ stemming from the nonzero energy density of the Universe. However, this is quite different from the standard $\rm Q$-ball formation. The running in presence of gauge and Yukawa couplings becomes strong if $m_{1/2}/m_0$ is sufficiently large. Moreover, the $\rm Q$-balls which are formed during the early oscillations constantly evolve, due to the redshift of the Hubble-induced soft mass, until the low-energy supersymmtery breaking becomes dominant. For smaller $m_{1/2}/m_0$, $\rm Q$-balls are not formed during early oscillations because of the shrinking of the instability band due to the Hubble expansion. In this case the $\rm Q$-balls are formed only at the weak scale, but typically carry smaller charges, as a result of their amplitude redshift. Therefore, the Hubble-induced corrections to the flat directions give rise to a successful $\rm Q$-ball cosmology.Comment: 7 revtex pages, few references corrected and added, final version to appear in Phys. Rev.