The symbolism of colour in the interpretation of a drawing in Gestalt

The article investigates the peculiarities of colour symbolism and semantics that might be applied in the interpretation of a projective drawing in Gestalt. As a result, a child’s drawing is a kind of figurative art; this is something that has to evoke not just the viewer’s thoughts and feelings about the depicted figurative material. In conclusion, we can supplement a diagnostic component part with a new approach of psychodiagnosis problem-solving of individual and typological features of personality peculiarities in the modern pedagogical educational proces

Spatial Structures Formed during High-Temperature Vacuum Annealing of Diamond-Like Film Deposited on a Silicon Substrate

The process of an ultrahigh vacuum annealing of a diamond-like carbon film deposited on a silicon substrate has been studied in situ using a photoemission microscope mounted at the MAX-lab synchrotron's radiation source. After the annealing the film was examined ex situ using an atomic force microscope. It is revealed that the graphitization of the film occurs and round formations of several microns in size with a core of similar to 0.2 mu m in size appear on its surface at the temperature exceeding 1000 degrees C. Photoemission images of these formations have shown the presence of silicon on their surface. Apparently, the interaction between the carbon film and silicon substrate begins in the middle of the formation and spreads to the adjacent region at the following stage

Mechanism of Thermal Defunctionalization of Oxidized Carbon Nanotubes

The mechanism of thermal defunctionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) oxidized by nitric acid was studied. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermal analysis under different heating rates combined with mass spectrometry of evolved gases (TGA–MS) were used to reveal the transformations on the CNT surface. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange and mathematical handling of TGA–MS curves were carried out to evaluate the impact of a small amount of residual oxygen on CNT defunctionalization. Water, CO, CO₂, and NO/CH₂O mass curves recorded during TGA–MS study were curve fitted. The resultant peaks were attributed to the different stages of CNT defunctionalization. Deuterium exchanged CNTs allowed one to reveal the mechanism of water release during heating. Kissinger’s model was applied to estimate the activation energy of the decomposition of different functional groups on the surface of CNTs

Effect of Pr3+/Pr4+ ratio on the oxygen ion transport and thermomechanical properties of the pyrochlore and fluorite phases in the ZrO2-Pr2O3 system

This paper examines the effect of the Pr3+/Pr4+ ratio on the mechanism of ionic and electronic transport in the (Pr2-xZrx)Zr2O7+x/2 (x = 0.15), Pr2Zr2O7, and Pr-2(Zr2-xPrx)O7-x/2 (x = 0.1) pyrochlore phases and Pr3ZrOx with the fluorite structure and on the behavior of their thermal expansion coefficient (TEC). The solid solutions were prepared through coprecipitation followed by firing of the green compacts in air at a high temperature of 1550 degrees C for 4 h. The Pr3+/Pr4+ ratio was shown to decrease in going from the (Pr2-xZrx) Zr2O7+x/2 (x = 0.15), Pr2Zr2O7, and Pr-2(Zr2-xPrx)O7-x/2 (x = 0.1) pyrochlores to the Pr3ZrOx fluorite, leading to changes in the conductivity type from mixed (ionic electronic) to electronic and in the color of the materials from beige to black and to an anomalous deviation of the TEC from linearity in fluorite Pr3ZrOx i.e. at the highest Pr4+ content. According to impedance spectroscopy results, (Pr2-xZrx)Zr2O7+x/2 with x = 0.15 has purely oxide-ion conductivity (3 x 10(-3) S/cm at 1000 degrees C) in a wide range of oxygen partial pressures: from 10(-10) to 10(2) Pa. With increasing Pr content, p-type electronic conductivity becomes significant, reaching a maximum in fluorite Pr3ZrOx: similar to 0.5 S/cm at 1000 degrees C. According to XPS data, all pyrochlore samples (Pr2-xZrx)Zr2O7+1-x/2 (x = 0.15), Pr2Zr2O7 and Pr-2(Zr2-xPrx) O7-x/2 (x = 0.1) contain only Pr3+ at room temperature, whereas Pr3ZrOx contains both Pr3+ and Pr4+ The considerable deviation of the TEC of Pr3ZrOx from linearity above 500 degrees C is due to partial reduction of Pr4+ . The reduction process Pr4+ + e' -> Pr3+ followed by oxygen release in the range 500-1100 degrees C has been identified in Pr3ZrOx by thermal analysis and mass spectrometry in a He atmosphere. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

XPS study of ion irradiated and unirradiated CeO 2 bulk and thin film samples

This work considers the effect of fission-energy ion irradiation on the electronic structure at the surface of bulk and thin film samples of CeO2 as a simulant for UO2 nuclear fuel. For this purpose, thin films of CeO2 grown on Si substrates and bulk CeO2 samples were irradiated by Xe ions (92 MeV, 4.8 × 1015 ions/cm2) to simulate the fission damage that occurs within nuclear fuels. The irradiated and unirradiated samples were characterised by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A technique of the quantitative evaluation of cerium ionic composition on the surface of the samples has been successfully applied to the obtained XPS spectra. This technique is based on the intensity of only one of the reliably identifiable high-energy peak at 916.6 eV in the Ce 3d XPS spectra. As-produced samples were found to contain mostly the Ce4+ ions with a small fraction of Ce3+ ions formed on the surface in the air or under X-rays. The core-electron XPS structure of CeO2 was associated with the complex final state with vacancies (holes) resulting from the photoemission of an inner electron. The Xe ion irradiation was found to increase the Ce3+ content in the samples of CeO2, with the thin films being more sensitive than the bulks samples

Chlorobenzene hydrodechlorination on bimetallic catalysts prepared by laser electrodispersion of NiPd alloy

NiPd bimetallic systems were for the first time synthesized by laser electrodispersion (LED) of the Ni 77 Pd 23 alloy target followed by the deposition of produced bimetallic particles on a TEM copper grid and alumina granules. Selective area energy-dispersive analysis confirms the bimetallic nature of NiPd particles deposited on a TEM copper grid. Their mean size is 1.0 nm according to TEM. XPS data demonstrate that under deposition on alumina granules (total metal content of 0.005 wt.%), nickel in bimetallic particles nearly completely oxidizes to Ni 2+ species predominantly in the form of aluminate. At the same time major part of palladium (84%) exists in Pd 0 but oxidizes to Pd 2+ (80%) during 6 months storage in air. Both metals are deposited on the external surface of alumina granules and localized in the same areas. In situ reduction of both metals by H 2 in the catalytic cell of XPS spectrometer is hindered. Nickel is not reduced even at 450°C, confirming the formation of NiAlO x , whereas palladium is reduced at higher temperatures compared to a similar monometallic catalyst. Nevertheless, NiPd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst is more efficient in gas-phase chlorobenzene hydrodechlorination at 150-350°C than Ni/Al 2 O 3 and even Pd/Al 2 O 3 , and much more stable. The difference may be caused by the formation of new active sites due to the contact between Pd 0 and NiAlO x -modified support, and the protective action of spinel reacting with HCl by-product. © 2018 IUPAC and De Gruyter.Funding: This work was financially supported by RFBR, Funder Id: 10.13039/501100002261 (grant 16-03-00073) and in part by Institute of Metal Physics in the frame of “Magnit” Program