2DV modelling of sediment transport processes over full-scale ripples in regular asymmetric oscillatory flow

Wave-induced, steep vortex ripples are ubiquitous features in shallow coastal seas and it is therefore important to fully understand and model the sediment transport processes that occur over them. To this end, two two-dimensional vertical (2DV) models have been critically tested against detailed velocity and sediment concentration measurements above mobile ripples in regular asymmetric oscillatory flow. The two models are a k–ω turbulence-closure model and a discrete-vortex, particle-tracking (DVPT) model, while the data are obtained in the Aberdeen oscillatory flow tunnel (AOFT). The models and the data demonstrate that the time-dependent velocity and suspended sediment concentration above the ripple are dominated by the generation of lee-side vortices and their subsequent ejection at flow reversal. The DVPT model predicts the positions and strengths of the vortices reasonably well, but tends to overpredict the velocity close to the ripple surface. The k–ω model, on the other hand, underpredicts the height to which the vortices are lifted, but is better able to predict the velocity close to the bed. In terms of the cycle- and ripple-averaged horizontal velocity, both models are able to reproduce the observed offshore flow close to and below the ripple crest and the DVPT model is able to produce the onshore flow higher up. In the vicinity of the vortices, the DVPT model better represents the concentration (because of its better prediction of vorticity). The k–ω model, on the other hand, better represents the concentration close to the ripple surface and higher up in the flow (because of the better representation of the near-bed flow and background turbulence). The measured and predicted cycle- and ripple-averaged suspended sediment concentrations are in reasonable agreement and demonstrate the expected region of exponential decay. The models are able to reproduce the observed offshore cycle- and ripple-averaged suspended sediment flux from the ripple troughs upwards, and as a result, produce net offshore suspended sediment transport rates that are in reasonable agreement. The net measured offshore suspended transport rate, based on the integration of fluxes, was found to be consistent with the total net offshore transport measured in the tunnel as a whole once the onshore transport resulting from ripple migration was taken into account, as would be expected. This demonstrates the importance of models being able to predict ripple-migration rates. However, at present neither of the models is able to do so

Drilling Predation on Serpulid Polychaetes (Ditrupa arietina) from the Pliocene of the Cope Basin, Murcia Region, Southeastern Spain

We report quantitative analyses of drilling predation on the free-living, tube-dwelling serpulid polychaete Ditrupa arietina from the Cope Cabo marine succession (Pliocene, Spain). Tubes of D. arietina are abundant in the sampled units: 9 bulk samples from 5 horizons yielded ∼5925 specimens of D. arietina. Except for fragmentation, tubes were well preserved. Complete specimens ranged from 3.1 to 13.4 mm in length and displayed allometric growth patterns, with larger specimens being relatively slimmer. Drilled Ditrupa tubes were observed in all samples. Drillholes, identified as Oichnus paraboloides, were characterized by circular to elliptical outline (drillhole eccentricity increased with its diameter), parabolic vertical profile, outer diameter larger than inner diameter, penetration of one tube wall only, narrow range of drill-hole sizes, and non-random (anterior) distribution of drillholes. A total of 233 drilled specimens were identified, with drilling frequencies varying across horizons from 2.7% to 21% (3.9% for pooled data). Many tube fragments were broken across a drillhole suggesting that the reported frequencies are conservative and that biologically-facilitated (drill-hole induced) fragmentation hampers fossil preservation of complete serpulid tubes. No failed or repaired holes were observed. Multiple complete drillholes were present (3.9%). Drilled specimens were significantly smaller than undrilled specimens and tube length and drill-hole diameter were weakly correlated. The results suggest that drillholes were produced by a size-selective, site-stereotypic predatory organism of unknown affinity. The qualitative and quantitative patterns reported here are mostly consistent with previous reports on recent and fossil Ditrupa and reveal parallels with drilling patterns documented for scaphopod mollusks, a group that is ecologically and morphologically similar to Ditrupa. Consistent with previous studies, the results suggest that free-dwelling serpulid polychaetes are preyed upon by drilling predators and may provide a viable source of data on biotic interactions in the fossil record

Piston-driven numerical wave tank based on WENO solver of well-balanced shallow water equations

A numerical wave tank equipped with a piston type wave-maker is presented for long-duration simulations of long waves in shallow water. Both wave maker and tank are modelled using the nonlinear shallow water equations, with motions of the numerical piston paddle accomplished via a linear mapping technique. Three approaches are used to increase computational efficiency and accuracy. First, the model satisfies the exact conservation property (C-property), a stepping stone towards properly balancing each term in the governing equation. Second, a high-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) method is used to reduce accumulation of truncation error. Third, a cut-off algorithm is implemented to handle contaminated digits arising from round-off error. If not treated, such errors could prevent a numerical scheme from satisfying the exact C-property in long-duration simulations. Extensive numerical tests are performed to examine the well-balanced property, high order accuracy, and shock-capturing ability of the present scheme. Correct implementation of the wave paddle generator is verified by comparing numerical predictions against analytical solutions of sinusoidal, solitary, and cnoidal waves. In all cases, the model gives satisfactory results for small-amplitude, low frequency waves. Error analysis is used to investigate model limitations and derive a user criterion for long wave generation by the model

Short wave phase shifts by large free surface solitary waves. Experiments and models

International audienceIn this paper, we compare experiments on short gravity wave phase shifting by surface solitary waves to a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys (WKBJ) refraction theory. Both weak interactions (head-on interaction) and strong interactions (overtaking interaction) are examined. We derive a dispersion relation and wave action conservation relation which are similar to the ones obtained for short waves refraction on slowly varying media. The model requires an exact solitary wave solution. To this end, a steady wave solution is numerically computed using the algorithm devised by Byatt-Smith [Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 315, 405 (1970)]. However, two other solitary wave solutions are incorporated in the model, namely the classical Korteweg and De Vries (KdV) [Phil. Mag. 39, 422 (1895)] solution (weakly nonlinear/small amplitude solitary wave) and the Rayleigh [Phil. Mag. 1, 257 (1876)] solution (strongly nonlinear/large amplitude solitary wave). Measurements of the short wave phase shift show better agreement with the theoretical predictions based on the Byatt-Smith numerical solution and the Rayleigh solution rather than the Korteweg and De Vries one for large amplitude solitary waves. Theoretical phase shifts predictions based on Rayleigh and Byatt-Smith numerical solutions agree with the experiments for A/h0⩽0.5. A new heuristic formula for the phase shift allowing for large amplitude solitary waves is proposed as a limiting case when the short wave wave number increases

Végétation vasculaire actuelle de l'île de Cavallo (archipel des Lavezzi, Corse) : analyse phytosociologique et phytocartographie

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Using larval dispersal simulations for marine protected area design: Application to the Gulf of Lions (northwest Mediterranean)

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Dispersal of Owenia fusiformis larvae by wind-driven currents: turbulence, swimming behaviour and mortality in a three-dimensional stochastic model

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Using larval dispersal simulations for marine protected area design: Application to the Gulf of Lions (northwest Mediterranean)

International audienceThe design (location and size) of sustaining, no-take reserves was investigated by combining realistic numerical simulations of larval dispersal from a sedentary marine species with a population dynamics model. The method explored, a priori: (1) the planktonic larval duration (PLD) of self-persistent populations within no-take reserves with radii from 1 to 20 km, (2) the size of a no-take reserve reaching self-persistent recruitment of the reserve population, and (3) offspring spillover to adjacent fisheries for PLDs from 1 to 6 weeks. In the Gulf of Lions (northwest Mediterranean), as the radius of a no-take reserve increased to 20 km, the median PLD of a self-persistent species within the reserve increased from 2 to 6.5 d. No unique relation between PLD and sustaining no-take reserve size could be established because of large spatial and temporal variabilities, thus precluding any general guidelines for marine protected area sizes. For species with mass spawning lasting < 3 d, variability due to spawning timing yielded twice the spatial variability, reflecting strong wind variability. In contrast, when spawning lasted more than 10 d, the spawning location became more important. Thus, a biological process (spawning duration) can trigger deterministic and stochastic effects of environmental variability. Finally, some unprotected areas (Narbonne to Agde and the Camargue) clearly appeared to be better locations than the existing no-take reserves for maximizing biodiversity persistence within a reasonable no-take reserve size (10 to 20 km) and for producing offspring spillover important for regional fisheries (80%)

Long-term comparison of soft bottom macrobenthos in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer (north-western Mediterranean Sea) : A reappraisal

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