14,056 research outputs found
Analysis and control of bifurcation and chaos in averaged queue length in TCP/RED model
This paper studies the bifurcation and chaos phenomena in averaged queue length in a
developed Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) model with Random Early Detection
(RED) mechanism. Bifurcation and chaos phenomena are nonlinear behaviour in network
systems that lead to degradation of the network performance. The TCP/RED model used
is a model validated previously. In our study, only the average queue size k q
−
is
considered, and the results are based on analytical model rather than actual measurements.
The instabilities in the model are studied numerically using the conventional nonlinear
bifurcation analysis. Extending from this bifurcation analysis, a modified RED algorithm
is derived to prevent the observed bifurcation and chaos regardless of the selected
parameters. Our modification is for the simple scenario of a single RED router carrying
only TCP traffic. The algorithm neither compromises the throughput nor the average
queuing delay of the system
A Scalable, Self-Analyzing Digital Locking System for use on Quantum Optics Experiments
Digital control of optics experiments has many advantages over analog control
systems, specifically in terms of scalability, cost, flexibility, and the
integration of system information into one location. We present a digital
control system, freely available for download online, specifically designed for
quantum optics experiments that allows for automatic and sequential re-locking
of optical components. We show how the inbuilt locking analysis tools,
including a white-noise network analyzer, can be used to help optimize
individual locks, and verify the long term stability of the digital system.
Finally, we present an example of the benefits of digital locking for quantum
optics by applying the code to a specific experiment used to characterize
optical Schrodinger cat states.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
Photon number discrimination without a photon counter and its application to reconstructing non-Gaussian states
The non-linearity of a conditional photon-counting measurement can be used to
`de-Gaussify' a Gaussian state of light. Here we present and experimentally
demonstrate a technique for photon number resolution using only homodyne
detection. We then apply this technique to inform a conditional measurement;
unambiguously reconstructing the statistics of the non-Gaussian one and two
photon subtracted squeezed vacuum states. Although our photon number
measurement relies on ensemble averages and cannot be used to prepare
non-Gaussian states of light, its high efficiency, photon number resolving
capabilities, and compatibility with the telecommunications band make it
suitable for quantum information tasks relying on the outcomes of mean values.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Theory section expanded in response to referee
comment
Pulsed squeezed light: simultaneous squeezing of multiple modes
We analyze the spectral properties of squeezed light produced by means of
pulsed, single-pass degenerate parametric down-conversion. The multimode output
of this process can be decomposed into characteristic modes undergoing
independent squeezing evolution akin to the Schmidt decomposition of the
biphoton spectrum. The main features of this decomposition can be understood
using a simple analytical model developed in the perturbative regime. In the
strong pumping regime, for which the perturbative approach is not valid, we
present a numerical analysis, specializing to the case of one-dimensional
propagation in a beta-barium borate waveguide. Characterization of the
squeezing modes provides us with an insight necessary for optimizing homodyne
detection of squeezing. For a weak parametric process, efficient squeezing is
found in a broad range of local oscillator modes, whereas the intense
generation regime places much more stringent conditions on the local
oscillator. We point out that without meeting these conditions, the detected
squeezing can actually diminish with the increasing pumping strength, and we
expose physical reasons behind this inefficiency
Quantum study of information delay in electromagetically induced transparency
Using electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), it is possible to delay
and store light in atomic ensembles. Theoretical modelling and recent
experiments have suggested that the EIT storage mechanism can be used as a
memory for quantum information. We present experiments that quantify the noise
performance of an EIT system for conjugate amplitude and phase quadratures. It
is shown that our EIT system adds excess noise to the delayed light that has
not hitherto been predicted by published theoretical modelling. In analogy with
other continuous-variable quantum information systems, the performance of our
EIT system is characterised in terms of conditional variance and signal
transfer.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
XUV Frequency Combs via Femtosecond Enhancement Cavities
We review the current state of tabletop extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources
based on high harmonic generation (HHG) in femtosecond enhancement cavities
(fsEC). Recent developments have enabled generation of high photon flux (1014
photons/sec) in the XUV, at high repetition rates (>50 MHz) and spanning the
spectral region from 40 nm - 120 nm. This level of performance has enabled
precision spectroscopy with XUV frequency combs and promises further
applications in XUV spectroscopic and photoemission studies. We discuss the
theory of operation and experimental details of the fsEC and XUV generation
based on HHG, including current technical challenges to increasing the photon
flux and maximum photon energy produced by this type of system. Current and
future applications for these sources are also discussed.Comment: invited review article, 38 page
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The effect of brief self-management intervention for hemodialysis patients (HED-SMART) on trajectories of depressive and anxious symptoms
Objective: Depression is often comorbid with End-Stage Renal Disease, and associated with poor adherence and clinical outcomes but course of symptoms is variable. This study sought to describe the long-term trajectories of anxiety and depression in hemodialysis patients, to identify predictors of these trajectories over 12 months and to evaluate the effectiveness of the HEmoDialysis Self-Management Randomized Trial (HED SMART) against usual care on symptoms of anxiety and depression. Methods: A secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial that contrasted HED SMART (n = 101) against usual care (n = 134). Depressive and anxious symptoms were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) at baseline, 1 week and at 3 and 9 months post-intervention. Latent class growth analysis identified trajectories of depression and anxiety, and their sociodemographic and clinical predictors. Results: Symptoms of depression and anxiety over 12 months were characterized by two trajectories: low stable (depression: 55%; anxiety: 59%) with non-clinical levels of distress, and high stable (depression: 45%; anxiety: 41%) with clinical levels of distress. HED SMART predicted significant reductions in depression relative to usual care. A similar trend was noted for anxiety. Younger age, Chinese ethnicity, and more comorbidities were associated with persistent high depression. Younger age and shorter dialysis vintage was associated with persistent high anxiety. Conclusion: A brief self-management intervention designed to support behavioral change can also lead to significant reductions in symptoms of depression and may be of great value for younger HD patients shown to be at greater risk for persistent distress. Trial registration: ISRTN31434033
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Hemodialysis Self-management Intervention Randomized Trial (HED-SMART): A Practical Low-Intensity Intervention to Improve Adherence and Clinical Markers in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Background: Poor adherence to treatment is common in hemodialysis patients. However, effective interventions for adherence in this population are lacking. Small studies of behavioral interventions have yielded improvements, but clinical effectiveness and long-term effects are unclear.
Study Design: Multicenter parallel (1:1) design, blinded cluster-randomized controlled trial.
Setting & Participants: Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis enrolled in 14 dialysis centers.
Intervention: Dialysis shifts of eligible patients were randomly assigned to either an interactive and targeted self-management training program (HED-SMART; intervention; n = 134) or usual care (control; n = 101). HED-SMART, developed using the principles of problem solving and social learning theory, was delivered in a group format by health care professionals over 4 sessions.
Outcomes & Measurements: Serum potassium and phosphate concentrations, interdialytic weight gains (IDWGs), self-reported adherence, and self-management skills at 1 week, 3 months, and 9 months postintervention.
Results: 235 participants were enrolled in the study (response rate, 44.2%), and 82.1% completed the protocol. IDWG was significantly lowered across all 3 assessments relative to baseline (P < . 0.001) among patients randomly assigned to HED-SMART. In contrast, IDWG in controls showed no change except at 3 months, when it worsened significantly. Improvements in mineral markers were noted in the HED-SMART arm at 3 months (P < . 0.001) and in potassium concentrations (P < . 0.001) at 9 months. Phosphate concentrations improved in HED-SMART at 3 months (P = 0.03), but these effects were not maintained at 9 months postintervention. Significant differences between the arms were found for the secondary outcomes of self-reported adherence, self-management skills, and self-efficacy at all time points.
Limitations: Low proportion of patients with diabetes.
Conclusions: HED-SMART provides an effective and practical model for improving health in hemodialysis patients. The observed improvements in clinical markers and self-report adherence, if maintained at the longer follow-up, could significantly reduce end-stage renal disease-related complications. Given the feasibility of this kind of program, it has strong potential for supplementing usual care.
Trial Registration: Registered at ISRCTN with study number ISRCTN31434033
Development of an occupational airborne chemical exposure matrix
Background Population-based studies of the occupational contribution to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease generally rely on self-reported exposures to vapours, gases, dusts and fumes (VGDF), which are susceptible to misclassification.
Aims To develop an airborne chemical job exposure matrix (ACE JEM) for use with the UK Standard Occupational Classification (SOC 2000) system.
Methods We developed the ACE JEM in stages: (i) agreement of definitions, (ii) a binary assignation of exposed/not exposed to VGDF, fibres or mists (VGDFFiM), for each of the individual 353 SOC codes and (iii) assignation of levels of exposure (L; low, medium and high) and (iv) the proportion of workers (P) likely to be exposed in each code. We then expanded the estimated exposures to include biological dusts, mineral dusts, metals, diesel fumes and asthmagens.
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Results We assigned 186 (53%) of all SOC codes as exposed to at least one category of VGDFFiM, with 23% assigned as having medium or high exposure. We assigned over 68% of all codes as not being exposed to fibres, gases or mists. The most common exposure was to dusts (22% of codes with >50% exposed); 12% of codes were assigned exposure to fibres. We assigned higher percentages of the codes as exposed to diesel fumes (14%) compared with metals (8%).
Conclusions We developed an expert-derived JEM, using a strict set of a priori defined rules. The ACE JEM could also be applied to studies to assess risks of diseases where the main route of occupational exposure is via inhalation
Accelerator measurements of magnetically-induced radio emission from particle cascades with applications to cosmic-ray air showers
For fifty years, cosmic-ray air showers have been detected by their radio
emission. We present the first laboratory measurements that validate
electrodynamics simulations used in air shower modeling. An experiment at SLAC
provides a beam test of radio-frequency (RF) radiation from charged particle
cascades in the presence of a magnetic field, a model system of a cosmic-ray
air shower. This experiment provides a suite of controlled laboratory
measurements to compare to particle-level simulations of RF emission, which are
relied upon in ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray air shower detection. We compare
simulations to data for intensity, linearity with magnetic field, angular
distribution, polarization, and spectral content. In particular, we confirm
modern predictions that the magnetically induced emission in a dielectric forms
a cone that peaks at the Cherenkov angle and show that the simulations
reproduce the data within systematic uncertainties.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figure
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