Prevalence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Sweden: a nationwide population-based register study

Summary of ICD codes used for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. (PDF 36 kb

Grand Challenges in global eye health: a global prioritisation process using Delphi method

Background We undertook a Grand Challenges in Global Eye Health prioritisation exercise to identify the key issues that must be addressed to improve eye health in the context of an ageing population, to eliminate persistent inequities in health-care access, and to mitigate widespread resource limitations. Methods Drawing on methods used in previous Grand Challenges studies, we used a multi-step recruitment strategy to assemble a diverse panel of individuals from a range of disciplines relevant to global eye health from all regions globally to participate in a three-round, online, Delphi-like, prioritisation process to nominate and rank challenges in global eye health. Through this process, we developed both global and regional priority lists. Findings Between Sept 1 and Dec 12, 2019, 470 individuals complete round 1 of the process, of whom 336 completed all three rounds (round 2 between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, and round 3 between April 2 and April 25, 2020) 156 (46%) of 336 were women, 180 (54%) were men. The proportion of participants who worked in each region ranged from 104 (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa to 21 (6%) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and in central Asia. Of 85 unique challenges identified after round 1, 16 challenges were prioritised at the global level; six focused on detection and treatment of conditions (cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, services for children and screening for early detection), two focused on addressing shortages in human resource capacity, five on other health service and policy factors (including strengthening policies, integration, health information systems, and budget allocation), and three on improving access to care and promoting equity. Interpretation This list of Grand Challenges serves as a starting point for immediate action by funders to guide investment in research and innovation in eye health. It challenges researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to build collaborations to address specific challenge

Fitness & Sportmedizin

Studies which deal with the change of endurance performance in leisure and health sports, mostly apply the measurements of the mean and dispersion for group comparisons. Also, they interpret significant changes in the performance of an average athlete statistically and practically. However, the average athlete exists only in theory, but not in reality. In accordance with this, individual, often deviating, changes in power and endurance cannot be assessed in a differentiated way, which would be necessary to design an adequate training schedule for each individual athlete. It is also impossible to distinguish accurately between performancechangeenhancement, biological variability of performance and measurement errors for the individual athlete. Looking at clinical and training-relevant criteria, the challenge which is often neglected methodologically is the measurement and evaluation of individual adaption reactions. Comparing mean value changes and a measure for the individual change of a single athlete, the Reliable Change Index (RCI) shows that this may cause training-relevant differences. These differences can be accompanied either by an improvement of individual performance or, in a negative case, by a degradation of individual performance, even if the average performance of the group changes just in one direction. The consideration of the individual case is a condition sine qua non condition for effective individual design of training in health- and leisure-oriented endurance training, as well as in other training contexts. KEY WORDS: Reliability, Measurement Accuracy, Intraindividual  Training Effects, Change Indices, Enduranc