A Study of some Pre-Cambrian Schists from Yankee Jim Canyon, Park County, Montana

One of the most highly deformed metamorphic rock series in Montana is exposed fifteen miles north of Yellowstone Park, Wyoming in the great gorge known as Yankee Jim Canyon, which was formed by Yellowstone River at that point. These metamorphics are Pre-Cambrian in age, and are almost certainly sedimentary in origin, although the involved and intricate folding which they have undergone has long since obliterated any superficial traces of that origin

Measurement of electron density and temperature in plasmas

Application of two laser wavelengths passing through plasma measures electron density and temperature. Function depends on determining absorption of light at two wavelengths. Nature of reaction is explained and schematic diagram of equipment is included

Numerical solutions of several reflected shock-wave flow fields with nonequilibrium chemical reactions

The method of characteristics for a chemically reacting gas is used in the construction of the time-dependent, one-dimensional flow field resulting from the normal reflection of an incident shock wave at the end wall of a shock tube. Nonequilibrium chemical reactions are allowed behind both the incident and reflected shock waves. All the solutions are evaluated for oxygen, but the results are generally representative of any inviscid, nonconducting, and nonradiating diatomic gas. The solutions clearly show that: (1) both the incident- and reflected-shock chemical relaxation times are important in governing the time to attain steady state thermodynamic properties; and (2) adjacent to the end wall, an excess-entropy layer develops wherein the steady state values of all the thermodynamic variables except pressure differ significantly from their corresponding Rankine-Hugoniot equilibrium values

Evaluating Multi-Species Cover Crops for Forage Production

Cover crops offer potential benefits for improving soil health, but establishment and management costs can be expensive. One way for farmers to recover these costs is to graze the forage, which benefits producers by integrating crop and animal production. More information is needed on the potential forage quantity and quality for grazing livestock of cover crops and mixed species of cover crops. Researchers have suggested that different plant species complement each other, but additional work is needed to determine how best to balance forage production and how competitive the various species are when added to a mix. Sixteen treatments were drill-seeded at the Southeast Research and Extension Center near Columbus, Kansas, in August 2014 and 2015. Each treatment consisted of a three-way mix representing popular cover crops from the plant families Brassicaceae (brassicas), Poaceae (grasses), and Fabaceae (legumes). Eight species were planted, including forage radish (Raphanus sativus), purple-top turnip (Brassica rapa), oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense), and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). Small areas of each plot were clipped at 45-, 74-, and 91-day intervals each year. The clipped biomass was then weighed, sorted, and dried to determine biomass as well as species composition. In 2014 the average biomass produced at 45, 74, and 91 days was 1,250, 3,290, and 3,050 lb/ac, respectively. These range from 470–1,940 lb/ac 45 days after planting to 1,790–4,440 lb/ac at 91 days after planting, depending on the cover crop mix. In 2015, the average biomass at 45, 74, and 91 days was 1,120, 1,604, and 2,273 lb/ac, respectively. These range from 557-1,876 lb/ ac 45 days after planting to 1,100–4,127 lb/ac at 91 days after planting, depending on the cover crop mix

Improving Yield Stability and Resiliency of Agronomic Production Systems in Southeast Kansas

Soil health is a critical determinant of crop performance. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties can be modified through production practices such as tillage. Use of cover crops has been shown to benefit soil health and may improve productive capacity of soils. High rainfall and intense crop production practices limit the ability to implement cover crops in current production systems in southeast Kansas. This study explores potential management of cover crops and their contribution to soil health, crop productivity, and animal grazing

Exchange rate volatility and south Africa's exports to China: an ardl bounds tests approach

本文主要研究外汇波动对南非出口到中国的贸易影响，实证分析基于Peseran（2001）等人所提出的协整ARDL边界检验理论。本文首先采用一系列短期汇率模型分析，然后利用模型选择准则来选择一个最优的模型分析南非对中国的汇率波动。本文的数据主要是月度和季度的南非出口贸易数据，月度数据从1992年1月到2010年7月，季度数据从1995年第1季度到2010年第3季度。我们发现，从总量水平来说，南非对中国贸易出口对收入缺乏弹性，对相对价格比较有弹性，并且短期汇率对其影响不大。但是，当我们采用分部门的出口贸易数据时，发现贸易出口对收入是有弹性的，出口与汇率波动有显著的联系，对有些部门是正的影响，有些部门...This paper empirically investigates the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade in the context of South African exports to China by means of ARDL bounds testing procedure to cointegration developed by Pesaran, et al. (2001). Several alternative measures of short-term exchange rate risk were employed in which we selected for each equation, the ‘optimal’ ZAR/CYN volatility measure on the basis o...学位：经济学硕士院系专业：王亚南经济研究院_金融学(含保险学)学号：2772008115376

Modeling Liberia’s Energy Economy: from the Margin to the Mainstream

能源消费对经济增长和发展的重要性要求一个更高的、可持续的能源转型决策来 支持。鉴于传统燃料成本和其对能源投资决策的承受力的不确定性，增强环境可 持续的新增长路径的必要性和填补利比里亚在相关领域研究的空白，目前的研究 将会提供一个解决以上问题的机会。 本论文通过比较四个国家：南非、加纳、尼日利亚和中国，力求达到以下目 标：（1）在把就业作为附加变量的情况下，建立利比里亚能源使用和输出的格 兰杰因果关系的模型；（2）估计利比里亚的制造技术，以了解和分析这个国家 目前的生产方法；（3）分解利比里亚的生产模型，以求出投入产出弹性和估计 替代的广度；（4）对可再生能源技术进行估值，以提供...The importance of energy consumption for growth and development calls for improved decision support for a sustainable energy transition. Given the uncertainty of traditional fuel costs and their bearing on energy investment decision planning as well as the need for new growth pathways that enhance environmental sustainability and the urgency to fill Liberia‘s devastating research gap, the current...学位：经济学博士院系专业：经济学院中国能源经济研究中心_能源经济学学号：3132011015416

Environmental policy and ‘double dividend’ in a transitional economy

Abstract(#br)Although the environmental benefit from implementing a climate tax is usually realized, the economic dividend still remains a controversial issue warranting further research. This is because the impact of an environmental policy on an economy-wide system will depend on factors that differ from one region to the next. In this paper, we develop a static CGE model for Liberia that is capable of analyzing both a uniform and a partial carbon tax policy. Under the uniform policy instituted to ensure mitigation in the range of 20–50%, an economic dividend is found for energy, employment, and welfare. In particular, energy consumption increases by between 5 and 15.5%, respectively. Interestingly, under a second best policy which exempts economically strategic sectors from the tax, no economic dividend is found for all three variables. This time, energy use declines by between 2 and 9%. These suggest that a uniform environmental tax policy is a more viable option for Liberia, in particular, as it does not only generate economic dividend for employment and welfare, it also incentivizes Liberia’s adoption and use of renewable energy technologies. In general, based on the results obtained, further conditions for the feasibility of a double dividend are proposed

Causal independence between energy consumption and economic growth in Liberia: Evidence from a non-parametric bootstrapped causality test

a b s t r a c t This contribution investigates causal interdependence between energy consumption and economic growth in Liberia and proposes application of a bootstrap methodology. To better reflect causality, employment is incorporated as additional variable. The study demonstrates evidence of distinct bidirectional Granger causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Additionally, the results show that employment in Liberia Granger causes economic growth and apply irrespective of the short-run or long-run. Evidence from a Monte Carlo experiment reveals that the asymptotic Granger causality test suffers size distortion problem for Liberian data, suggesting that the bootstrap technique employed in this study is more appropriate. Given the empirical results, implications are that energy expansion policies like energy subsidy or low energy tariff for instance, would be necessary to cope with demand exerted as a result of economic growth in Liberia. Furthermore, Liberia might have the performance of its employment generation on the economy partly determined by adequate energy. Therefore, it seems fully justified that a quick shift towards energy production based on clean energy sources may significantly slow down economic growth in Liberia. Hence, the government's target to implement a long-term strategy to make Liberia a carbon neutral country, and eventually less carbon dependent by 2050 is understandable