A note on completeness of weighted normed spaces of analytic functions

[EN] Given a non-negative weight v, not necessarily bounded or strictly positive, defined on a domain G in the complex plane, we consider the weighted space H-v(infinity) (G)of all holomorphic functions on G such that the product v vertical bar f vertical bar is bounded in G and study the question of when such a space is complete under the canonical sup-seminorm. We obtain both some necessary and some sufficient conditions in terms of the weight v, exhibit several relevant examples, and characterize completeness in the case of spaces with radial weights on balanced domains.The first author was partially supported by MTM2013-43540-P and MTM2016-76647-P by MINECO/FEDER-EU and GVA Prometeo II/2013/013. The second author was partially supported by the MINECO/FEDER-EU Grant MTM2015-65792-P. Both authors were partially supported by Thematic Research Network MTM2015-69323-REDT, MINECO, Spain.Bonet Solves, JA.; Vukotic, D. (2017). A note on completeness of weighted normed spaces of analytic functions. Results in Mathematics. 72(1-2):263-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-017-0696-2S263279721-2Arcozzi, N., Björn, A.: Dominating sets for analytic and harmonic functions and completeness of weighted Bergman spaces. Math. Proc. R. Ir. Acad. 102A, 175–192 (2002)Berenstein, C.A., Gay, R.: Complex Variables, An Introduction. Springer, New York (1991)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Galbis, A.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on bounded domains. Mich. Math. J. 40, 271–297 (1993)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Taskinen, J.: Associated weights and spaces of holomorphic functions. Stud. Math. 127, 137–168 (1998)Björn, A.: Removable singularities for weighted Bergman spaces. Czechoslov. Math. J. 56, 179–227 (2006)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M.: Essential norm and weak compactness of composition operators on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. Can. Math. Bull. 42(2), 139–148 (1999)Bonet, J., Vogt, D.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions and sequence spaces. Note Mat. 17, 87–97 (1997)Conway, J.B.: Functions of One Complex Variable, Second Edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 11. Springer, New York (1978)Gaier, D.: Lectures on Complex Approximation. Birkhäuser, Boston (1987)Grosse-Erdmann, K.-G.: A weak criterion for vector-valued holomorphic functions. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 136, 399–411 (2004)Hörmander, L.: An Introduction to Complex Analysis in Several Variables. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1979)Horváth, J.: Topological Vector Spaces and Distributions. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1966)Lusky, W.: On weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 51, 309–320 (1995)Lusky, W.: On the isomorphism classes of weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. Stud. Math. 175, 19–45 (2006)Nakazi, T.: Weighted Bloch spaces which are Banach spaces. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 62, 427–440 (2013)Shields, A.L., Williams, D.L.: Bounded projections, duality and multipliers in spaces of analytic functions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 162, 287–302 (1971

Superposition operators between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions of controlled growth

The final publication is available at Springer via: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-012-0441-6[EN] We characterize the entire functions which transform a weighted Banach space of holomorphic functions on the disc of type H∞ into another such space by superposition. We also show that all the superposition operators induced by such entire functions map bounded sets into bounded sets and are continuous. Superposition operators that map bounded sets into relatively compact sets are also considered. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Wien.The research of Bonet was partially supported by MICINN and FEDER Project MTM2010-15200, by GV project Prometeo/2008/101, and by ACOMP/2012/090. The research of Vukotic was partially supported by MICINN grant MTM2009-14694-C02-01, Spain and by the European ESF Network HCAA ("Harmonic and Complex Analysis and Its Applications").Bonet Solves, JA.; Vukotić, D. (2013). Superposition operators between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions of controlled growth. Monatshefte für Mathematik. 170(3-4):311-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00605-012-0441-6S3113231703-4Álvarez, V., Márquez, M.A., Vukotić, D.: Superposition operators between the Bloch space and Bergman spaces. Ark. Mat. 42, 205–216 (2004)Appell, J., Zabrejko, P.P.: Nonlinear Superposition Operators, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics 95. Cambridge University Press, London (1990)Appell, J., Zabrejko, P.P.: Remarks on the superposition operator problem in various function spaces. Complex Var. Elliptic Equ. 55(8–10), 727–737 (2010)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Galbis, A.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on bounded domains. Michigan Math. J. 40, 271–297 (1993)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Taskinen, J.: Associated weights and spaces of holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 127, 137–168 (1998)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M.: Essential norm and weak compactness of composition operators on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. Can. Math. Bull. 42(2), 139–148 (1999)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M., Taskinen, J.: Composition operators between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. (Ser. A) 64, 101–118 (1998)Boyd, C., Rueda, P.: Holomorphic superposition operators between Banach function spaces. Preprint (2011)Boyd, C., Rueda, P.: Superposition operators between weighted spaces of analytic functions. Preprint (2011)Buckley, S.M., Fernández, J.L., Vukotić, D.: Superposition operators on Dirichlet type spaces. In: Papers on Analysis: A Volume dedicaed to Olli Martio on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Rep. Univ. Jyväskyla Dept. Math. Stat, vol. 83, pp. 41–61. Univ. Jyväskyla, Jyväskyla (2001)Buckley, S.M., Vukotić, D.: Univalent interpolation in Besov spaces and superposition into Bergman spaces. Potential Anal. 29(1), 1–16 (2008)Cámera, G.A.: Nonlinear superposition on spaces of analytic functions. In: Harmonic Analysis and Operator Theory (Carácas, 1994), Contemp. Math, vol. 189, pp. 103–116. Am. Math. Soc, Providence (1995)Cámera, G.A., Giménez, J.: The nonlinear superposition operators acting on Bergman spaces. Compositio Math. 93, 23–35 (1994)Castillo, R.E., Ramos Fernández, J.C., Salazar, M.: Bounded superposition operators between Bloch-Orlicz and $$\alpha$$ -Bloch spaces. Appl. Math. Comp. 218, 3441–3450 (2011)Dineen, S.: Complex Analysis in Locally Convex Spaces, vol. 57. North-Holland Math. Studies, Amsterdam (1981)Girela, D., Márquez, M.A.: Superposition operators between $$Q_p$$ spaces and Hardy spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 364, 463–472 (2010)Grosse-Erdmann, K.-G.: A weak criterion for vector-valued holomorphic functions. Math. Proc. Camb. Publ. Soc. 136, 399–41 (2004)Harutyunyan, A., Lusky, W.: On the boundedness of the differentiation operator between weighted spaces of holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 184, 233–247 (2008)Langenbruch, M.: Continuation of Gevrey regularity for solutions of partial differential operators. In: Functional Analysis (Trier, 1994), pp. 249–280. de Gruyter, Berlin (1996)Levin, B.Ya.: Lectures on Entire Functions. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, vol. 150, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence (1996).Lusky, W.: On weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 51, 309–320 (1995)Lusky, W.: On the isomorphism classes of weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 175, 19–45 (2006)Pommerenke, Ch.: Boundary Behaviour of Conformal Maps. Springer, Berlin (1992)Ramos Fernández, J.C.: Bounded superposition operators between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. Preprint, Available from http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.5857Shields, A.L., Williams, D.L.: Bounded projections, duality and multipliers in spaces of analytic functions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 162, 287–302 (1971)Vukotić, D.: Integrability, growth of conformal maps, and superposition operators, Technical Report 10. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Mathematics (2004)Xiong, C.: Superposition operators between $$Q_p$$ spaces and Bloch-type spaces. Complex Var. Theory Appl. 50, 935–938 (2005)Xu, W.: Superposition operators on Bloch-type spaces. Comput. Methods Funct. Theory 7, 501–507 (2007)Zhu, K.: Operator Theory in Function Spaces, 2nd edn. Am. Math. Soc., Providence (2007

Weighted Banach spaces of harmonic functions

“The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13398-012-0109-z."We study Banach spaces of harmonic functions on open sets of or endowed with weighted supremum norms. We investigate the harmonic associated weight defined naturally as the analogue of the holomorphic associated weight introduced by Bierstedt, Bonet, and Taskinen and we compare them. We study composition operators with holomorphic symbol between weighted Banach spaces of pluriharmonic functions characterizing the continuity, the compactness and the essential norm of composition operators among these spaces in terms of associated weights.The research of the first author was partially supported by MEC and FEDER Project MTM2010-15200 and by GV project ACOMP/2012/090.Jorda Mora, E.; Zarco García, AM. (2014). Weighted Banach spaces of harmonic functions. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Serie A. Matematicas. 108(2):405-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-012-0109-zS4054181082Axler, S., Bourdon, P., Ramey, W.: Harmonic Function Theory, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin (2001)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Galbis, A.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on balanced domains. Mich. Math. J. 40(2), 271–297 (1993)Bierstedt, K.D., Bonet, J., Taskinen, J.: Associated weights and spaces of holomorphic functions. Stud. Math. 127(2), 137–168 (1998)Bierstedt, K.D., Summers, W.H.: Biduals of weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. Ser. A 54(1), 70–79 (1993)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M.: Essential norm and weak compactness of composition operators on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. Can. Math. Bull. 42(2), 139–148 (1999)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M.: Weakly compact composition operators on weighted vector-valued Banach spaces of analytic mappings. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. Ser. A I 26, 233–248 (2001)Bonet, J., Domański, P., Lindström, M., Taskinen, J.: Composition operators between weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. Ser. A 64, 101–118 (1998)Bonet, J., Friz, M., Jordá, E.: Composition operators between weighted inductive limits of spaces of holomorphic functions. Publ. Math. Debr. Ser. A 67, 333–348 (2005)Boyd, C., Rueda, P.: The v-boundary of weighted spaces of holomorphic functions. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 30, 337–352 (2005)Boyd, C., Rueda, P.: Complete weights and v-peak points of spaces of weighted holomorphic functions. Isr. J. Math. 155, 57–80 (2006)Boyd, C., Rueda, P.: Isometries of weighted spaces of harmonic functions. Potential Anal. 29(1), 37–48 (2008)Carando, D., Sevilla-Peris, P.: Spectra of weighted algebras of holomorphic functions. Math. Z. 263, 887–902 (2009)Contreras, M.D., Hernández-Díaz, G.: Weighted composition operators in weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. Ser. A 69(1), 41–60 (2000)García, D., Maestre, M., Rueda, P.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on Banach spaces. Stud. Math. 138(1), 1–24 (2000)García, D., Maestre, M., Sevilla-Peris, P.: Composition operators between weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on Banach spaces. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 29, 81–98 (2004)Gunning, R., Rossi, H.: Analytic Functions of Several Complex Variables. AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence (2009)Hoffman, K.: Banach Spaces of Analytic Functions. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1962)Krantz, S.G.: Function Theory of Several Complex Variables. AMS, Providence (2001)Lusky, W.: On weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 51, 309–320 (1995)Lusky, W.: On the isomorphism classes of weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. Stud. Math. 175(1), 19–45 (2006)Meise, R., Vogt, D.: Introduction to Functional Analysis. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1997)Montes-Rodríguez, A.: Weight composition operators on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 61(2), 872–884 (2000)Ng, K.F.: On a theorem of Diximier. Math. Scand. 29, 279–280 (1972)Rudin, W.: Real and Complex Analysis. MacGraw-Hill, NY (1970)Rudin, W.: Functional analysis. In: International series in pure and applied mathematics, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York (1991)Shields, A.L., Williams, D.L.: Bounded projections, duality and multipliers in spaces of harmonic functions. J. Reine Angew. Math. 299(300), 256–279 (1978)Shields, A.L., Williams, D.L.: Bounded projections and the growth of harmonic conjugates in the unit disc. Mich. Math. J. 29, 3–25 (1982)Zheng, L.: The essential norms and spectra of composition operators on $$H^\infty$$ . Pac. J. Math. 203(2), 503–510 (2002

Mean ergodic composition operators on generalized Fock spaces

[EN] Every bounded composition operator C psi defined by an analytic symbol psi on the complex plane when acting on generalized Fock spaces F phi p,1 <= p <=infinity and p=0, is power bounded. Mean ergodic and uniformly mean ergodic bounded composition operators on these spaces are characterized in terms of the symbol. The behaviour for p=0 and p=infinity differs. The set of periodic points of these operators is also determined.The research of the first author is supported by ISP project, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. The research of the third author was partially supported by the research projects MTM2016-76647-P and GV Prometeo 2017/102 (Spain).Seyoum, W.; Mengestie, T.; Bonet Solves, JA. (2019). Mean ergodic composition operators on generalized Fock spaces. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Serie A Matemáticas. 114(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-019-00738-wS1111141Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Mean ergodic operators in Fréchet spaces. Anal. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 34, 401–436 (2009)Beltrán-Meneu, M.J., Gómez-Collado, M.C., Jordá, E., Jornet, D.: Mean ergodic composition operators on Banach spaces of holomorphic functions. J. Funct. Anal. 270, 4369–4385 (2016)Bierstedt, K.D., Summers, W.H.: Biduals of weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Austr. Math. Soc. Ser. A 54, 70–79 (1993)Blasco, O.: Boundedness of Volterra operators on spaces of entire functions. Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Math. 43, 89–107 (2018)Bonet, J., Domański, P.: A note on mean ergodic composition operators on spaces of holomorphic functions. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fís. Nat. Ser. A Mat. RACSAM 105, 389–396 (2011)Bonet, J., Mangino, E.: Associated weights for spaces of $$p$$-integrable entire functions. Quaestiones Math. (2019). https://doi.org/10.2989/16073606.2019.1605420Bonet, J., Ricker, W.J.: Mean ergodicity of multiplication operators in weighted spaces of holomorphic functions. Arch. Math. 92, 428–437 (2009)Carswell, B.J., MacCluer, B.D., Schuster, A.: Composition operators on the Fock space. Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 69, 871–887 (2003)Constantin, O., Peláez, J.Á.: Integral operators, embedding theorems and a Littlewood-Paley formula on weighted Fock spaces. J. Geom. Anal. 26, 1109–1154 (2015)Cowen, C., MacCluer, B.: Composition Operators on Spaces of Analytic Functions. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1995)Dunford, N.: Spectral theory I convergence to projections. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 54, 185–217 (1943)Guo, K., Izuchi, K.: Composition operators on Fock type space. Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged) 74, 807–828 (2008)Krengel, U.: Ergodic Theorems. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin (1985)Lotz, H.P.: Tauberian theorems for operators on $$L^1$$ and similar spaces. In: Bierstedt, K.D., Fuchssteiner, B. (eds.) Functional Analysis: Surveys and Recent Results III, pp. 117–133. North Holland, Amsterdam (1984)Lotz, H.P.: Uniform convergence of operators on $$L^{\infty }$$ and similar spaces. Math. Z. 190, 207–220 (1985)Lusky, W.: On the isomophism classes of weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 175, 19–45 (2006)Mengestie, T., Ueki, S.: Integral, differential and multiplication operators on weighted Fock spaces. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory. 13, 935–958 (2019)Mengestie, T., Seyoum, W.: Topological and dynamical properties of composition operators. Complex Anal. Oper. Theory (2018) (to appear)Mengestie, T., Seyoum, W.: Spectral properties of composition operators on Fock-Type spaces. Quaest. Math. (2019). https://doi.org/10.2989/16073606.2019.1692092Shapiro, J.H.: Composition Operators and Classical Function Theory. Springer, New York (1993)Wolf, E.: Power bounded composition operator. Comp. Method Funct. Theory 12, 105–117 (2012)Yosida, K.: Functional Analysis. Springer, Berlin (1978)Yosida, K., Kakutani, S.: Operator-theoretical treatment of Markoff’s Process and Mean Ergodic Theorem. Ann. Math. 42, 188–228 (1941

Classical operators on the Hörmander algebras

We study the integration operator, the differentiation operator and more general differential operators on radial Fr´echet or (LB) H¨ormander algebras of entire functions. We analyze when these operators are power bounded, hypercyclic and (uniformly) mean ergodic.This research was partially supported by MEC and FEDER Project MTM2010-15200. The research of M. J. Beltran was also supported by grant F.P.U. AP2008-00604 and Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo de la UPV PAID-06-12, and the research of J. Bonet and C. Fernandez, by GVA under Project PROMETEOII/2013/013.Beltrán Meneu, MJ.; Bonet Solves, JA.; Fernández, C. (2015). Classical operators on the Hörmander algebras. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - Series A. 35(2):637-652. https://doi.org/10.3934/dcds.2015.35.637S63765235

The Cesàro operator in growth Banach spaces of analytic functions

[EN] The CesA ro operator C, when acting in the classical growth Banach spaces and , for , of analytic functions on , is investigated. Based on a detailed knowledge of their spectra (due to A. Aleman and A.-M. Persson) we are able to determine the norms of these operators precisely. It is then possible to characterize the mean ergodic and related properties of C acting in these spaces. In addition, we determine the largest Banach space of analytic functions on which C maps into (resp. into ); this optimal domain space always contains (resp. ) as a proper subspace.The research of the first two authors was partially supported by the projects MTM2013-43540-P and GVA Prometeo II/2013/013.Albanese, A.; Bonet Solves, JA.; Ricker, WJ. (2016). The Cesàro operator in growth Banach spaces of analytic functions. Integral Equations and Operator Theory. 86(1):97-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00020-016-2316-zS97112861Albanese A.A., Bonet J., Ricker W.J.: Convergence of arithmetic means of operators in Fréchet spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 401, 160–173 (2013)Albanese, A.A., Bonet, J.,Ricker, W.J.: The Cesàro operator on power series spaces. Preprint (2016)Albrecht E., Miller T.L., Neumann M.M.: Spectral properties of generalized Cesàro operators on Hardy and weighted Bergman spaces. Archiv Math. 85, 446–459 (2005)Aleman A.: A class of integral operators on spaces of analytic functions. In: Proc. of the Winter School in Operator Theory and Complex Analysis, Univ. Málaga Secr. Publ., Málaga, pp. 3–30 (2007)Aleman A., Constantin O.: Spectra of integration operators on weighted Bergman spaces. J. Anal. Math. 109, 199–231 (2009)Aleman A., Persson A.-M.: Resolvent estimates and decomposable extensions of generalized Cesàro operators. J. Funct. Anal. 258, 67–98 (2010)Aleman A., Siskakis A.G.: An integral operator on H p . Complex Var. Theory Appl. 28, 149–158 (1995)Aleman A., Siskakis A.G.: Integration operators on Bergman spaces. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 46, 337–356 (1997)Bayart F., Matheron E.: Dynamics of Linear Operators. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)Bierstedt K.D., Bonet J., Galbis A.: Weighted spaces of holomorphic functions on balanced domains. Michigan Math. J. 40, 271–297 (1993)Bierstedt K.D., Bonet J., Taskinen J.: Associated weights and spaces of holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 127, 137–168 (1998)Bierstedt, K.D., Summers, W.H.: Biduals of weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. 54, 70–79 (1993)Bonet J., Domanski P., Lindström M.: Essential norm and weak compactness on weighted Banach spaces of analytic functions. Can. Math. Bull. 42, 139–148 (1999)Curbera G.P., Ricker W.J.: Extensions of the classical Cesàro operator on Hardy spaces. Math. Scand. 108, 279–290 (2011)Danikas N., Siskakis A.: The Cesàro operator on bounded analytic functions. Analysis 13, 295–299 (1993)Duren P.: Theory of H p Spaces. Academic Press, New York (1970)Dunford N., Schwartz J.T.:Linear Operators I: General Theory, 2nd Printing. Wiley Interscience Publ., New York (1964)Grosse-Erdmann K., Peris A.: Linear Chaos. Springer, London (2011)Harutyunyan A., Lusky W.: On the boundedness of the differentiation operator between weighted spaces of holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 184, 233–247 (2008)Hedenmalm H., Korenblum B., Zhu K.: Theory of Bergman Spaces. Grad. Texts in Math., vol. 199. Springer, New York (2000)Katzelson Y., Tzafriri L.: On power bounded operators. J. Funct. Anal. 68, 313–328 (1968)Krengel U.: Ergodic Theorems. de Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, vol. 6. Walter de Gruyter Co., Berlin (1985)Lin M.: On the uniform ergodic theorem. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 43, 337–340 (1974)Lusky W.: On the isomorphism classes of weighted spaces of harmonic and holomorphic functions. Studia Math. 175(1), 19–40 (2006)Megginson R.E.: An Introduction to Banach Space Theory. Springer, New York (1998)Meise R., Vogt D.: Introduction to Functional Analysis. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1997)Persson A.-M.: On the spectrum of the Cesàro operator on spaces of analytic functions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 340, 1180–1203 (2008)Rubel L.A., Shields A.L.: The second dual of certain spaces of analytic functions. J. Aust. Math. Soc. 11, 276–280 (1970)Shields A.L., Williams D.L.: Bounded projections, duality and multipliers in spaces of analytic functions. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 162, 287–302 (1971)Siskakis A.: Volterra operators on spaces of analytic functions—a survey. In: Proc. of the First Advanced Course in Operator Theory and Complex Analysis, Univ. Sevilla Serc. Publ., Seville, pp. 51–68 (2006

Intravenous Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy Results in a Differential Immune Response between Cancer Patients

Pexa-Vec is an engineered Wyeth-strain vaccinia oncolytic virus (OV), which has been tested extensively in clinical trials, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxic T cell infiltration into tumours following treatment. Favourable immune consequences to Pexa-Vec include the induction of an interferon (IFN) response, followed by inflammatory cytokine/chemokine secretion. This promotes tumour immune infiltration, innate and adaptive immune cell activation and T cell priming, culminating in targeted tumour cell killing, i.e., an immunologically ‘cold’ tumour microenvironment is transformed into a ‘hot’ tumour. However, as with all immunotherapies, not all patients respond in a uniformly favourable manner. Our study herein, shows a differential immune response by patients to intravenous Pexa-Vec therapy, whereby some patients responded to the virus in a typical and expected manner, demonstrating a significant IFN induction and subsequent peripheral immune activation. However, other patients experienced a markedly subdued immune response and appeared to exhibit an exhausted phenotype at baseline, characterised by higher baseline immune checkpoint expression and regulatory T cell (Treg) levels. This differential baseline immunological profile accurately predicted the subsequent response to Pexa-Vec and may, therefore, enable the development of predictive biomarkers for Pexa-Vec and OV therapies more widely. If confirmed in larger clinical trials, these immunological biomarkers may enable a personalised approach, whereby patients with an exhausted baseline immune profile are treated with immune checkpoint blockade, with the aim of reversing immune exhaustion, prior to or alongside OV therapy

Quantification of Optic Disc Edema during Exposure to High Altitude Shows No Correlation to Acute Mountain Sickness

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to quantify changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) during exposure to high altitude and to assess a correlation with acute mountain sickness (AMS). This work is related to the Tuebingen High Altitude Ophthalmology (THAO) study. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, HRT3®) was used to quantify changes at the ONH in 18 healthy participants before, during and after rapid ascent to high altitude (4559 m). Slitlamp biomicroscopy was used for clinical optic disc evaluation; AMS was assessed with Lake Louise (LL) and AMS-cerebral (AMS-c) scores; oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. These parameters were used to correlate with changes at the ONH. After the first night spent at high altitude, incidence of AMS was 55% and presence of clinical optic disc edema (ODE) 79%. Key stereometric parameters of the HRT3® used to describe ODE (mean retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] thickness, RNFL cross sectional area, optic disc rim volume and maximum contour elevation) changed significantly at high altitude compared to baseline (p&lt;0.05) and were consistent with clinically described ODE. All changes were reversible in all participants after descent. There was no significant correlation between parameters of ODE and AMS, SpO₂ or HR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Exposure to high altitude leads to reversible ODE in the majority of healthy subjects. However, these changes did not correlate with AMS or basic physiologic parameters such as SpO₂ and HR. For the first time, a quantitative approach has been used to assess these changes during acute, non-acclimatized high altitude exposure. In conclusion, ODE presents a reaction of the body to high altitude exposure unrelated to AMS

A CI-Independent Form of Replicative Inhibition: Turn Off of Early Replication of Bacteriophage Lambda

Several earlier studies have described an unusual exclusion phenotype exhibited by cells with plasmids carrying a portion of the replication region of phage lambda. Cells exhibiting this inhibition phenotype (IP) prevent the plating of homo-immune and hybrid hetero-immune lambdoid phages. We have attempted to define aspects of IP, and show that it is directed to repλ phages. IP was observed in cells with plasmids containing a λ DNA fragment including oop, encoding a short OOP micro RNA, and part of the lambda origin of replication, oriλ, defined by iteron sequences ITN1-4 and an adjacent high AT-rich sequence. Transcription of the intact oop sequence from its promoter, pO is required for IP, as are iterons ITN3–4, but not the high AT-rich portion of oriλ. The results suggest that IP silencing is directed to theta mode replication initiation from an infecting repλ genome, or an induced repλ prophage. Phage mutations suppressing IP, i.e., Sip, map within, or adjacent to cro or in O, or both. Our results for plasmid based IP suggest the hypothesis that there is a natural mechanism for silencing early theta-mode replication initiation, i.e. the buildup of λ genomes with oop+ oriλ+ sequence