EEG during memory activation: a study of early functional brain changes in Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease

Early dementias are difficult to distinguish from normal age-related memory decline. In the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, brain functions are already changing, but this is not directly visible from the outside. Many research is aimed at discovering early disease markers. However, research using EEG registration during conventional eyes closed conditions revealed little additional information. The yield of EEG research can be improved by probing the weakest spot, which, in case of dementia, is memory. Karin van der Hiele introduced memory tests during EEG registration and found that early abnormalities in brain functioning can then be observed in Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease. An interesting finding came to light:  the EEG in dementia displays a lot of muscle activity which is normally filtered out. However, the researchers decided not to throw this activity away but to measure it. Interestingly, they found that the amount of muscle activity was related to cognition and to the number of depressive complaints. It may pay to keep an open mind regarding the nature of the parameter to be measured.     LEI Universiteit LeidenPathophysiologie van aanvalsgewijs en chronisch progressief verlopende aandoeningen van het centrale perifere zenuwstelse

Computerized structured cognitive training in patients affected by early-stage Alzheimer’s disease is feasible and effective: a randomized controlled study

Introduction. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) presents with significant neuropsychological deficits. Cognitive training in AD has recently started to demonstrate its efficacy. In this study we implemented computerized cognitive training of a large group of early-stage AD patients, to identify its effects at a neuropsychological level and to investigate whether they were stable after 6 months. Method. Eighty AD patients were randomized in two groups. Patients in the experimental group used a structured rehabilitative software three times a week for 12 consecutive weeks aimed at training memory, attention, executive function and language skills, whereas patients in the control group underwent a control intervention. Results. A Repeated Measures General Linear Model considering groups’ performance at the three assessment points (before training, after training, and at the 6-month follow-up) showed a significant interaction effect for: digit span forward (F(2,74) = 2.785, p = 0.03) and backward (F(2,74) = 3.183, p = 0.02), two-syllable words test (F(2,74) = 3.491, p = 0.004), Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test immediate (F(2,74) = 2.877, p = 0.03) and delayed (F(2,74) = 3.783, p = 0.003), Token test (F(2,74) = 4.783, p = 0.001), and Brixton test (F(2,74) = 8.783, p < 0.001). For all of them, experimental group performed better than controls. Conclusions. Patients in the experimental group showed a significant improvement in various neuropsychological domains, and their achievements were stable after 6 months. This study suggests an useful computerized training in AD, and should prompt further investigations about the generalizability of patients’ acquired skills to more ecologically-oriented tasks

“Always looking for a new balance”: toward an understanding of what it takes to continue working while being diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Background: The aim of this study was to gain insight into the meaning of work in the everyday lives of people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and the barriers and facilitators to staying in work.Methods: Nineteen employed adults diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis participated in narrative interviews. All interviews were transcribed and coded for thematic analysis.Results: For people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, continuing to work was a precarious balancing act. Five themes influenced this balance: becoming familiar with the disease, adjusting expectations, having an understanding and realistic line manager, seeing work as meaningful life activity and strategic considerations.Conclusions: People receiving a diagnosis of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis have to refamiliarize themselves with their own body in a meaningful way to be able to continue their work. Rehabilitation professionals can support them herein by taking into account not merely functional capabilities but also identity aspects of the body. Medication that stabilizes symptoms supports making the necessary adjustments. A trusting relationship with the line manager is vital for this adaptation process. Additionally, a match between being adequately challenged by work, while still having the capacity to meet those work demands, is needed, as is long-term financial stability.Implications for rehabilitationRehabilitation professionals can support employees with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis by taking into account not merely functional capabilities but also identity aspects of the body.A trusting relationship with the line manager, including a timely disclosure of the diagnosis, is vital for people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis to remain at work.For people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, there is a delicate balance between being adequately challenged by work while still having the capacity to meet work demands.FSW - Self-regulation models for health behavior and psychopathology - ou

The relation between cognitive functioning and work outcomes in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a systematic literature review

Background: Cognitive dysfunction is increasingly being recognized as an important limiting factor in work participation in patients with multiple sclerosis. This literature review provides a description, synthesis and interpretation of the existing literature and identifies gaps in current knowledge.Methods: Papers published between 1970 and April 2017 were included. Clinical trials, randomized controlled trials or observational quantitative studies in which data on cognitive factors associated with employment, work functioning or work-related problems were reported. Papers were manually double checked by two blinded reviewers.Results: A total of 41 papers were included of which 4 described prospective, longitudinal studies. The majority of studies reported positive associations between cognitive functioning and work outcomes (38/41 studies; 93%). Positive associations were found between work outcomes and global cognitive functioning (8/9 studies; 89%), language (8/17 studies; 47%), processing speed/ working memory (23/26 studies; 88%),new learning and memory (12/22 studies; 55%), executive functioning (10/17; 59%), intelligence (1/6; 17%) and self-reported cognitive functioning (14/15; 93%). None of the reviewed studies found a relation between visuospatial processing and work outcomes (0/8; 0%). Models including cognitive measures as well as demographic (age, education), neurological (disability, fine motor coordination, disease course), and psychological variables (depression, personality, fatigue) best predicted work outcomes.Conclusion: By conducting this review we found ample evidence that objective cognitive functioning (specifically processing speed/ working memory and executive functioning) and self-reported cognitive functioning are important independent associates of work outcomes and these factors should be addressed by healthcare professionals. Future research could benefit from a focus on longitudinal changes in cognition and its relation to work outcomes.Health and self-regulatio

Gender differences in cognitive functioning in older alcohol-dependent patients

FSW - Self-regulation models for health behavior and psychopathology - ou

EEG markers of future cognitive performance in the elderly

FSW - Self-regulation models for health behavior and Psychopathology - Ou

Apathy, executive function, and emotion recognition re the main drivers of functional ompairment in behavioral variant of Frontotemporal Dementia

Health and self-regulatio

Identifying and understanding cognitive profiles in multiple sclerosis: a role for visuospatial memory functioning

BackgroundThe heterogeneous nature of cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) hampers understanding of the underlying mechanisms and developing patient-tailored interventions. We aim to identify and classify cognitive profiles in PwMS, comparing these to cognitive status (preserved versus impaired).MethodsWe included 1213 PwMS (72% female, age 45.4 ± 10.7 years, 83% relapsing–remitting MS). Cognitive test scores were converted to Z-scores compared to healthy controls for the functions: attention, inhibition, information processing speed (IPS), verbal fluency and verbal/visuospatial memory. Concerning cognitive status, impaired cognition (CI) was defined as performing at Z ≤ − 1.5 SD on ≥ 2 functions. Cognitive profiles were constructed using latent profile analysis on all cognitive functions. Cognitive profiles or status was classified using gradient boosting decision trees, providing the importance of each feature (demographics, clinical, cognitive and psychological functioning) for the overall classification.ResultsSix profiles were identified, showing variations in overall performance and specific deficits (attention, inhibition, IPS, verbal fluency, verbal memory and visuospatial memory). Across the profiles, IPS was the most impaired function (%CI most preserved profile, Profile 1 = 22.4%; %CI most impaired profile, Profile 6 = 76.6%). Cognitive impairment varied from 11.8% in Profile 1 to 95.3% in Profile 6. Of all cognitive functions, visuospatial memory was most important in classifying profiles and IPS the least (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.910). For cognitive status, IPS was the most important classifier (AUC = 0.997).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that cognitive heterogeneity in MS reflects a continuum of cognitive severity, distinguishable by distinct cognitive profiles, primarily explained by variations in visuospatial memory functioning.Health and self-regulatio

Empathy in multiple sclerosis-correlates with cognitive, psychological and occupational functioning

Background Recent studies report deficits in social cognition in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Social cognitive skills such as empathy are important for adequate social and occupational functioning. Our objectives are: (1) to examine whether empathy differs between individuals with MS and healthy controls, (2) to examine relations between empathy and cognitive, psychological and occupational functioning. Methods 278 individuals with MS (relapsing-remitting subtype) and 128 healthy controls from the MS@Work study participated in this investigation. The participants completed questionnaires about demographics, cognitive, psychological and occupational functioning, and underwent neurological and neuropsychological examinations. Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to examine group differences in empathy. Pearson and Spearman rank correlation analyses were used to examine relations between empathy and the other measures. Results Empathy did not differ between individuals with MS and healthy controls. In individuals with MS, higher empathy was correlated with a higher educational level (X2(df) = 13.2(2), p = 0.001), better verbal learning (r = 0.20, p = 0.001), less symptoms of depression (r=−0.21, p = 0.001), higher extraversion (r = 0.25, p ≤ 0.001), agreeableness (r = 0.55, p ≤ 0.001) and conscientiousness (r = 0.27, p ≤ 0.001) and better occupational functioning in terms of work scheduling and output demands (r = 0.23, p = 0.002) and less cognitive/psychological work barriers (r = −0.21, p = 0.001). In healthy controls, higher empathy was correlated with less symptoms of depression (r = −0.34, p ≤ 0.001), less fatigue (r = −0.37, p ≤ 0.001), higher agreeableness (r = 0.59, p ≤ 0.001) and better occupational functioning in terms of work ability as compared to lifetime best (r = 0.28, p = 0.001) and less cognitive/psychological work barriers (r = −0.34, p ≤ 0.001). Empathy did not differ between unemployed and employed individuals with MS or healthy controls. Conclusion Empathy did not differ between individuals with MS and healthy controls. Within both investigated groups, higher empathy was weakly to moderately correlated with less symptoms of depression, higher agreeableness and better occupational functioning. We also found unique correlations for empathy within the investigated groups. Longitudinal studies are needed to further examine social cognition in relation to cognitive, psychological and occupational functioning in both individuals with MS and healthy controls. It would be particularly interesting to concurrently examine changes in the brain network involved with social cognition

A Dutch validation study of the Multiple Sclerosis Work difficulties questionnaire in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Health and self-regulatio