The electronic-cigarette: effects on desire to smoke, withdrawal symptoms and cognition

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are battery operated devices that deliver nicotine via inhaled vapour. Few studies have evaluated acute effects on craving and mood, and none have explored effects on cognition. This study aimed to explore the effects of the White Super e-cigarette on desire to smoke, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, attention and working memory. Eighty-six smokers were randomly allocated to either: 18mg nicotine e-cigarette (nicotine), 0mg e-cigarette (placebo), or just hold the e-cigarette (just hold) conditions. Participants rated their desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms at baseline (T1), and five (T2) and twenty (T3) minutes after using the e-cigarette ad libitum for five minutes. A subset of participants completed the Letter Cancellation and Brown-Peterson Working Memory Tasks. After 20 minutes, compared with the just hold group, desire to smoke and some aspects of nicotine withdrawal were significantly reduced in the nicotine and placebo group; the nicotine e-cigarette was superior to placebo in males but not in females. The nicotine e-cigarette also improved working memory performance compared with placebo at the longer interference intervals. There was no effect of nicotine on Letter Cancellation performance. To conclude, the White Super e-cigarette alleviated desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms 20 minutes after use although the nicotine content was more important for males. This study also demonstrated for the first time that the nicotine e-cigarette can enhance working memory performance. Further evaluation of the cognitive effects of the e-cigarette and its efficacy as a cessation tool is merited

Factors Related Treatment Compliance With Pulmonary Tuberculosis In The Working Area Of Bangkala Health Center, Makassar City

Tuberkulosis (TB) Paru merupakan penyakit menular langsung yang di sebabkan oleh bakteri mycobacterium tuberculosis. Kepatuhan pengobatan TB Paru merupakan hal yang sangat penting, karena bila pengobatan tidak dilakukan secara teratur dan tidak sesuai dengan waktu yang telah ditentukan maka akan dapat menimbulkan kekebalan kuman TB terhadap Obat Anti TB secara meluas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku penderita TB Paru terhadap kepatuhan berobat di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bangkala Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 45 orang dengan besar sampel 30 responden berdasarkan kriteria inklusi, dengan menggunakan Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu purpossive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner, kemudian diolah dan dianalisis secara univariat, dan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji chi square (ρ< α=0,05). Hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pengetahuan (ρ=0,016), sikap (ρ=0,024), perilaku (ρ=0,026). Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini yaitu ada hubungan yang siginifikan antara pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku penderita TB Paru terhadap kepatuhan berobat di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bangkala Kota Makassar

A Survey on Color Normalization Approach to Histopathology Images

The requirement of high-speed data for various forms of application is increasing rapidly. Power Line communication (PLC), a technology which uses the existing power line network as a transmission medium, is a choice for this provision, owing to the ready presence of the medium. This channel (power line), is severely bewitched by noise and attenuation owing to the branches, length and the load connection on the line. Cooperative relaying, which transmits the same information through several nodes is deployed in this paper to combat the data outages caused by the channel's characteristics. Amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward were the cooperative protocols deployed.The outage probability of each of the protocols were obtained, analysed and compared with the conventional direct link (without cooperation). Results shows that outage probability was drastically reduced on the cooperative links. The performances of the two cooperative links were close due to the noise mitigating circuit incorporated.This achievement in outage probability performance enhances the reliability of the PLC system

Numerical methods for space-fractional partial differential equations

In this dissertation, we consider numerical methods for solving space-fractional PDEs. We first consider finite difference method then we consider finite element methods for solving space-fractional PDEs. The error estimates are obtained. Finally we consider the matrix transform technique (MTT) for solving space-fractional PDEs which include finite difference and finite element method. Numerical examples are given

Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Penggunaan Rokok Elektrik pada Perokok Pemuladi SMA Kota Bekasi

Based on the results of the preliminary survey that conducted by the researcher by spreading questionnaires to 581 High School students in Bekasi resulting 22.3% smoke electronic cigarette with details the active novice smokers who're using electronic cigarette in the amount of 8.3% while about 13.4% where the smokers who used to smoke tobacco cigarette are now moved on to electronic cigarette. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that associated with the USAge of electronic cigarette to novice smokers in Bekasi City's High School. The type of this research is descriptive analytic with quantitative approach method. The used research design is cross-sectional study, where the amount of the population in this research is 52 people who are novice electronic smokers in four Bekasi City's High School. The Total of Population technique is used to get the sample for this research where the entire population get the chance to be the sample for the research. Data analysis includes descriptive analysis with the presentation of the frequency distribution table and the analytic analysis uses Chi-Square test to see whether there or not there the relation between respondents' friends' support and family's support with the USAge of electronic cigarette in Bekasi City's High School. Statistical test results show that 67.3% respondents use electronic cigarrete. The variables related with the USAge of electronic cigarette to novice smokers in Bekasi City's High School is the availability of the electronic cigarette (p-value = 0.000), the affordability of the electronic cigarette (p-value = 0.000), and the respondents' friends' support (p-value = 0.016). While the respondents' knowledge about the electronic cigarette (p-vaalue = 0.416), the respondents' attitude to the USAge of the electronic cigarette (p-value = 0.538), the respondents' pocket money (p-value = 1.000) and the family's support (p-value = 0,238) is not related with the USAge of the electronic cigarette to novice smokers in Bekasi City's High School

Na7Mg13Nd(PO4)12

Investigations of the quasi-ternary system Na3PO4–Mg3(PO4)2–NdPO4 allowed us to obtain the new phosphate hepta­sodium trideca­magnesium neodymium dodeca­kis­phosphate, Na7Mg13Nd(PO4)12, by applying a flux method. The crystal structure is isotypic with that of the previously reported Na7Mg13 Ln(PO4)12 (Ln = Eu, La) compounds. It consists of a complex three-dimensional framework built up from an NdO8 polyhedron (m symmetry), an MO6 octa­hedron statistically occupied by M = Mg and Na, and eight MgOx (x = 5, 6) polyhedra (four with site symmetry m), linked either directely by sharing corners, edges and faces, or by one of the eight unique PO4 tetra­hedra through common corners. Two of the PO4 tetra­hedra are statisticaly disordered over a mirror plane. The whole structure can be described as resutling from an assembly of two types of structural units, viz [Mg4 MP4O22]∞ 2 layers extending parallel to (100) and stacked along [100], and [Mg4NdP4O36]∞ 1 undulating chains running along the [010] direction. The six different Na+ cations (five with site symmetry m and one with 0.5 occupancy) are situated in six distinct cavities delimited by the framework. The structure was refined from data of a racemic twin

Frequency and pattern of gynecological problems of adolescent girls attending outpatient department, department of obstetrics and gynecology, Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh

Background: Adolescent is a stage of development tangent, like a bridge of childhood and adulthood. It is the healthiest age group of our society which is almost 20% of our total population. World health organization (WHO) defines adolescents are in the 10-19 year in age group. One of the major physiological changes that take place in adolescent girls is the onset of menarche, which is often associated with problems of irregular menstruation, excessive bleeding and dysmenorrhea.Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was carried out in 668 female adolescent aged 10-19 years irrespective of their marital status visiting the OPD of obstetrics and gynecology department of BSMMU. All data was analyzed using SPSS program version 22.0.Results: Results were expressed in frequencies or percentages. Of the 668 adolescent girls, 418 (62.6%) had different type of menstrual disorder. Of these 418 cases about 127 (30.38%) of them were a case of puberty menorrhagia, 109 (26.07%) cases were oligomenorrhoea and 91 (21.77%) were amenorrhea. Other presentations were pre-vaginal discharge, vulval itching, lower abdominal pain, dysuria, feeling lump in lower abdomen, mastalgia, feeling lump in the breast, discharge from breast, acne, hirsutism.Conclusions: This study shows more than half of adolescent girls are having menstrual disorder. Adolescent gynecology needs increased awareness and greater attention to improve the quality of their life. Setting up a separate adolescent clinic is necessary for efficient management of adolescent problem

Fabrication of cost-effective, highly reproducible large area arrays of nanotriangular pillars for surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates

Development of cost-effective, highly reproducible non-conventional fabrication techniques for anisotropic metal nanostructures is essential to realizing potential applications of plasmonic devices, photonic devices, and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) phenomenon based sensors. This report highlights the fabrication of nanotriangle arrays via nanoimprinting to overcome difficulties in creating large-area SERS active substrates with uniform, reproducible Raman signals. Electron beam lithography of anisotropic nanostructures, formation of arrays of nanotriangles in silicon and the transfer of triangular shapes to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) sheets via nanoimprinting have not been reported elsewhere. The reuse of silicon masters offers potential for production of low cost SERS substrates. The SERS activity and reproducibility of nanotriangles are illustrated and a consistent average enhancement factor of up to ~2.9 × 1011, which is the highest value reported for a patterned SERS substrate, is achieved.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Kombinasi Maltodekstrin dan Whey sebagai Bahan Penyalut PadaKarakteristik MikroenkapsulOleoresinKayu Manis (Cinnamomum Burmanii)

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence using combination of maltodextrin and whey (1:3, 2:2, and 3:1) as wall material due to quality characteristic of cinnamon (Cinnamon burmanii) oleoresin microencapsulan, including yield, water content, solubility in water, microstructure appeareance, cinnamaldehyde content, and residue of solvent. First of all, the oleoresin was reached from extraction using ethanol 96 % for 4 hours. Then the oleoresin emultion was dried using spray drying method. The experimental design used in this research was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor (rasio of wall material). The result showed that combination of wall material had significant effect to yield(14,98-22,69 %), water content(6,20-7,04 %), residue of solvent(0,500-0,629 %), cinnamaldehyde content(26,18-43,90 %), and microstructure appeareance, but unsignificantly affected to solubility in water(92,85-95,24 %)

Evaluasi Penerapan Akuntansi Biaya Produk Rusak untuk Penyajian Laporan Keuangan pada PT. Putra Bintang Minahasa

PT. Putra Bintang Minahasa sedang berupaya menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas tinggi dalam proses produksinya, sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh Perusahaan serta keinginan konsumen. Saat ini Perusahaan memiliki sistem pengendalian kualitas, yang secara terus-menerus dilakukan terhadap produk yang dihasilkannya. Perusahaan manufaktur dalam menghasilkan suatu produk harus melalui beberapa tahap pengerjaan. Setiap tahap pengerjaan tersebut, tidak dapat dihindarkan dari kemungkinan terjadinya produk rusak, atau produk yang tidak sesuai dengan standar mutu yang telah ditetapkan oleh Perusahaan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan akuntansi biaya produk rusak dalam proses produksi untuk penyajian laporan keuangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif yatu metode analisis dengan mengumpulkan data yang ada kemudian diklarifikasi, dianalisis, selanjutnya diinterpretasikan sehingga dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai keadaan yang diteliti. Hasil penelitian yaitu laporan biaya produksi Perusahaan tidak memperhitungkan produk rusak yang terjadi dalam unit fisiknya karena produk rusak dianggap sebagai produk gagal dan biaya produksi keseluruhan dibebankan hanya pada produk jadi yang baik saja. Produk rusak yang ada diperusahaan ini merupakan produk yang masih laku dijual dengan nilai penjualan produk rusak per unitnya Rp. 1.385.000,00. Manajemen Perusahaan sebaiknya melakukan penyusunan perhitungan secara rinci terhadap perhitungan biaya produksinya, agar harga pokok produksi produk dapat diketahui dengan jelas. Kata kunci: akuntansi biaya, produk rusak