Magnetic-field influence on the collective properties of charge- and spin-density waves

Taking account of a quasi-one-dimensional electron band with an imperfect nesting, we consider the orbital effects of a transverse magnetic field on systems with a charge- or spin-density-wave ground state. Assuming that the cyclotron frequency is small with respect to the critical temperature, we analyze the effects of magnetic field on the quasiparticle Green’s function, the equilibrium value of the order parameter, and the density of collective carriers (i.e., the condensate density). It is shown that the order parameter decreases, while the condensate density increases in the magnetic field at low temperatures

Integration of biological control agents and systemic acquired resistance inducers against bacterial spot on tomato

Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, two systemic acquired resistance inducers (harpin and acibenzolar-S-methyl), host-specific unformulated bacteriophages, and two antagonistic bacteria were evaluated for control of tomato bacterial spot incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in greenhouse experiments. Untreated plants and plants treated with copper hydroxide were used as controls. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria or a tap water control were applied as a drench to the potting mix containing the seedlings, while the other treatments were applied to the foliage using a handheld sprayer. The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria strains, when applied alone or in combination with other treatments, had no significant effect on bacterial spot intensity. Messenger and the antagonistic bacterial strains, when applied alone, had negligible effects on disease intensity. Unformulated phage or copper bactericide applications were inconsistent in performance under greenhouse conditions against bacterial spot. Although acibenzolar-S-methyl completely prevented occurrence of typical symptoms of the disease, necrotic spots typical of a hypersensitive reaction (HR) were observed on plants treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl alone. Electrolyte leakage and population dynamics experiments confirmed that acibenzolar-S-methyl-treated plants responded to inoculation by eliciting an HR. Application of bacteriophages in combination with acibenzolar-S-methyl suppressed a visible HR and provided excellent disease control. Although we were unable to quantify populations of the bacterium on the leaf surface, indirectly we determined that bacteriophages specific to the target bacterium reduced populations of a tomato race 3 strain of the pathogen on the leaf surface of acibenzolar-S-methyl-treated plants to levels that did not induce a visible HR. Integrated use of acibenzolar-S-m ethyl and phages may complement each other as an alternative management strategy against bacterial spot on tomato

Calculation of vibrations of a single degree of freedom system

The three node numerical integration scheme with the displacement and velocity as the nodal variables for integration of the second order differential equation using finite elements in time on the basis of the method of least squares is proposed. The precision of integration is investigated and compared with the corresponding procedure based on the method of Galerkin. The error measure is introduced which shows the higher precision of the least squares techniqu

Bacteriophage-mediated control of phytopathogenic xanthomonads: A promising green solution for the future

Xanthomonads, members of the family Xanthomonadaceae, are economically important plant pathogenic bacteria responsible for infections of over 400 plant species. Bacteriophage-based biopesticides can provide an environmentally friendly, effective solution to control these bacteria. Bacteriophage-based biocontrol has important advantages over chemical pesticides, and treatment with these biopesticides is a minor intervention into the microflora. However, bacteriophages’ agricultural application has limitations rooted in these viruses’ biological properties as active sub-stances. These disadvantageous features, together with the complicated registration process of bacteriophage-based biopesticides, means that there are few products available on the market. This review summarizes our knowledge of the Xanthomonas-host plant and bacteriophage-host bacterium interaction’s possible influence on bacteriophage-based biocontrol strategies and provides examples of greenhouse and field trials and products readily available in the EU and the USA. It also details the most important advantages and limitations of the agricultural application of bacteriophages. This paper also investigates the legal background and industrial property right issues of bacteriophage-based biopesticides. When appropriately applied, bacteriophages can provide a promising tool against xanthomonads, a possibility that is untapped. Information presented in this review aims to explore the potential of bacteriophage-based biopesticides in the control of xanthomonads in the future

Z boson production in Pb+Pb collisions at √Snn = 5.02 TeV measured by the ATLAS experiment

The production yield of Z bosons is measured in the electron and muon decay channels in Pb+Pb collisions at √S = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Data from the 2015 LHC run corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.49 nb are used for the analysis. The Z boson yield, normalised by the total number of minimum-bias events and the mean nuclear thickness function, is measured as a function of dilepton rapidity and event centrality. The measurements in Pb+Pb collisions are compared with similar measurements made in proton-proton collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity for all centrality intervals. The results are compared with theoretical predictions obtained at next-to-leading order using nucleon and nuclear parton distribution functions. The normalised Z boson yields in Pb+Pb collisions lie 1-3σ above the predictions. The nuclear modification factor measured as a function of rapidity agrees with unity and is consistent with a next-to-leading-order QCD calculation including the isospin effect. nn -

Measurement of Azimuthal Anisotropy of Muons from Charm and Bottom Hadrons in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector.

The elliptic flow of muons from the decay of charm and bottom hadrons is measured in pp collisions at sqrt[s]=13  TeV using a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 150  pb^{-1} recorded by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The muons from heavy-flavor decay are separated from light-hadron decay muons using momentum imbalance between the tracking and muon spectrometers. The heavy-flavor decay muons are further separated into those from charm decay and those from bottom decay using the distance-of-closest-approach to the collision vertex. The measurement is performed for muons in the transverse momentum range 4-7 GeV and pseudorapidity range |η|<2.4. A significant nonzero elliptic anisotropy coefficient v_{2} is observed for muons from charm decays, while the v_{2} value for muons from bottom decays is consistent with zero within uncertainties