Mourning for the disappeared : the case of the Saturday Mothers

Tezin basılısı İstanbul Şehir Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'ndedir.The mourning process in the case of a normal death is different from one in the case of a disappeared person. The women who have disappeared relatives cannot naturally experience mourning since they lack the basic requirements for mourning, such as having a body to bury, carrying out funeral rituals, and having a grave to visit. This study looks at the mourning process of women, whose relatives have disappeared, focusing on the organization of the Saturday Mothers in Turkey. The study explains the theoretical framework from psychology to understand the meaning of mourning and the concept of ambiguous loss. Two cases, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina and the Bosnian women are given as examples. The definition of New Social Movements and their relation to emotions are examined, because the grief and anger the relatives of the disappeared felt lead them to establish a new organization, the Saturday Mothers. Finally the case study of the Saturday Mothers is conducted through in-depth interviews with six women participating in the Saturday Mothers. Selected quotations from the interviews are analyzed through narrative analysis and there are references to the first three chapters to comprehensively discuss the Saturday Mothers. Keywords: the Saturday Mothers, disappeared people, mourning, ambiguous loss, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, new social movementsAbstract ………………………………………………………………………………………….. iii Öz ………………………………………………………………………………………………... iv Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………………………... v Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. vi CHAPTER 1. Introduction …….................................................................................................................. 1 2. The normal process of mourning and the one seen in the case of ambiguous loss ….......... 6 2.1. The definition of mourning ……................................................................................... 6 2.2. Ambiguous loss………………………………………………………………………... 17 3. New Social Movements ………………...……………………………………………….. 24 3.1. The definition of new social movements ………………...………………………….. 24 3.2. Differences between NSMs and previous movements …………………………….. 25 3.3. Collective movement stemmed from NSMs ……………………………………….. 28 3.4. Changes in culture and identity: The emergence of collective identity ……………. 29 3.5. NSMs as a new form of media ……………………………………………………... 31 3.6. Collective behavior and struggles in relation to social movements ........................... . 32 3.7. The role of NSMs in society ...................................................................................... . 33 3.8. What initiates NSMs? ................................................................................................. 34 3. 9. Summary ……………………………………………………………………………. 39 4. Similar cases from Argentina and Bosnia ………………………………………………... 41 4.1. A case from Argentina: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo ………………………… 41 4.1.1. A new organization: “The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo” ……………………... 42 4.1.2. The process of mourning .................................................................................... 43 4.1.3. The absence of the fathers and the power of the mothers. ................................ 45 4.1.4. The role of motherhood in the Mothers’ movement ......................................... 47 4.1.5. Being a revolutionary mother ........................................................................... 49 4.1.6. The importance of the Plaza de Mayo .............................................................. 51 4.1.7. The Mothers’ movement as a peace movement ................................................ 52 4.2. The case of Bosnian women ..................................................................................... 53 4.3. Women of Bosnia and Argentina: Common grief and different approaches ............ 61 4.4.Summary...................................................................................................................65 5. The case of the Saturday Mothers in Turkey ..................................................................... 66 5.1. Similar stories and common grief ............................................................................. 70 5.2. The process of mourning in the case of the Saturday Mothers (the lack of the requirements of mourning).......72 5.3. The importance of a body, a grave, and funeral rituals during mourning …………. 83 5.4. The establishment of the Saturday Mothers ............................................................... 96 5.5. The construction of a visible place for the disappeared ............................................ 99 5.6. Galatasaray Square: A constructed for the disappeared ............................................102 5.7. Regarding the Saturday Mothers as a new social movement .....................................105 5.8.Conclusion.................................................................................................................111 6.Conclusion...................................................................................................................13 References.....................................................................................................................................117 Appendices A Questions in the Interviews ................................................................................................124 B Curriculum Vitae................................................................................................................12

Termal Tesis Tasarımları İçin Müşteri Gereksinimlerinin Belirlenmesi

Termal tesislerde sağlıklı hizmet verilebilmesi için tesis tasarımlarının doğru kurgulanması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle mevcut tesisleri kullanan müşterilerin beklenti ve memnuniyetleri değerlendirilerek yeni tesis tasarımlarına dâhil edilmesi yapı ve hizmet kalitesini arttıracaktır. Turizmin sürdürülebilir gelişimi, turizmle bağlantılı farklı disiplinlerin bilgi ve tecrübelerini turizm sektörüne aktarmasıyla sağlanacaktır. Bu bilinçle mimarlık disiplinini kapsayan bu araştırma bir alan çalışmasıyla desteklenmiştir. Kapadokya’nın giriş kapısı olarak kabul edilen Ihlara bölgesinde bulunan tesislerde odak bir grupla anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Anket çalışmalarında belirlenen soruların bazıları daha önce yapılmış olan çalışmalardan uyarlanmıştır. Örnek alan çalışmasıyla termal tesis tasarım parametreleri, müşterilerin ihtiyaç ve gereksinimleri doğrultusunda geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde termal tesislere gelen müşterilerin çoğunlukla sağlık amaçlı geldikleri ve tesislerde uzun süre kaldıkları görülmektedir. Bu nedenle müşteriler termal tesis tasarımlarının doğayla uyumlu olmasını tercih etmektedirler. Tesis yakınlarında nüfus yoğunluğu olan yerleşim alanları çok tercih edilmemektedir. Ayrıca müşterilerin tesis içerisinde doğal beslenme, spor aktiviteleri, sosyal aktiviteler, alışveriş gibi sosyal donatıları tercih ettikleri görülmektedir. Sağlık kriterinden sonra "hizmet" kriteri en çok önem verilen kalem olmuştur. "Çevresel duyarlılık", "doğal kaynak kullanımı", "doğal çevre verilerinin dikkate alınması", "eylem planlarının hazırlanması" gibi başlıklar altında toparlanmış beklentiler sanılanın aksine termal tesis kullanıcıların enerji korunumu ve verimliliği konusunda duyarlılıklarını ortaya koymuştur. "Fiziki görünüm", "özgünlük", "doğal çevreye uyum" yine önem verilen başlıklar olmuştur. Bulgularla ilgili geniş değerlendirmeler üçüncü bölümde detaylı bir şekilde anlatılmıştır. Ülke ekonomilerinde büyük rol oynayan bakir alanlar turizme açılırken bölge şartları ve müşterilerin fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyolojik beklentilerine yönelik unsurlar tespit edilerek doğru adımların atılması sürdürülebilir gelişimin önemli bir hamlesi olacaktır.In order to provide quality in service in thermal accommodation facilities, the design of the facilities must be properly made. For this reason, the inclusion of customers' expectations and satisfaction in existing facilities into the design of new facilities will increase the quality of building and service. The sustainable development of tourism will be ensured through the transfer of knowledge and experiences of different disciplines connected with tourism. With this consciousness, this architecturebased research was supported by a field study. Surveys were conducted with a focus group on the facilities located in the Ihlara region, which is considered to be the gate of Cappadocia. Some of the questions asked in the questionnaire studies were adapted from previous studies. With the field study, the thermal plant design parameters have been tried to be determined in line with the demands and expectations of the customers. When the findings of the survey are examined, it is seen that the customers coming to the thermal accommodation facilities mostly come to health and stay in the facilities for a long time. For this reason, customers prefer thermal accommodation facility designs to be compatible with nature. Accommodation facilities with densely populated residential areas in the immediate vicinity are not preferred. In addition, it is observed that customers prefer social facilities such as natural nutrition, sports activities, social activities and shopping in the facility. After the health criterion, the “service” criterion was the most important item. Conspicuous expectations, such as “environmental awareness”, “use of natural resources”, “consideration of natural environment data”, “preparation of action plans”, have shown the sensitivity of energy conservation and productivity of thermal accommodation facility users. "Physical appearance”, “originality” and “harmony with the natural environment” have also become important topics. Extensive evaluations of findings are described in detail in the third chapter. While the main areas that play a big role in the country's economies are opening to tourism, determining the conditions of the region and the physical, psychological and sociological expectations of the customers and taking the correct steps will be an important step in sustainable development

Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Pneumonia Hospitalizations in High- and Low-Income Subpopulations in Brazil.

BackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are being used worldwide. A key question is whether the impact of PCVs on pneumonia is similar in low- and high-income populations. However, most low-income countries, where the burden of disease is greatest, lack reliable data that can be used to evaluate the impact. Data from middle-income countries that have both low- and high-income subpopulations can provide a proxy measure for the impact of the vaccine in low-income countries.MethodsWe evaluated the impact of PCV10 on hospitalizations for all-cause pneumonia in Brazil, a middle-income country with localities that span a broad range of human development index (HDI) levels. We used complementary time series and spatiotemporal methods (synthetic controls and hierarchical Bayesian spatial regression) to test whether the decline in pneumonia hospitalizations associated with vaccine introduction varied across the socioeconomic spectrum.ResultsWe found that the declines in all-cause pneumonia hospitalizations in children and young and middle-aged adults did not vary substantially across low and high HDI subpopulations. Moreover, the estimated declines seen in infants and young adults were associated with higher levels of uptake of the vaccine at a local level.ConclusionsThese results suggest that PCVs have an important impact on hospitalizations for all-cause pneumonia in both low- and high-income populations

Challenges to estimating vaccine impact using hospitalization data.

Because the real-world impact of new vaccines cannot be known before they are implemented in national programs, post-implementation studies at the population level are critical. Studies based on analysis of hospitalization rates of vaccine-preventable outcomes are typically used for this purpose. However, estimates of vaccine impact based on hospitalization data are particularly prone to confounding, as hospitalization rates are tightly linked to changes in the quality, access and use of the healthcare system, which often occur simultaneously with introduction of new vaccines. Here we illustrate how changes in healthcare delivery coincident with vaccine introduction can influence estimates of vaccine impact, using as an example reductions in infant pneumonia hospitalizations after introduction of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) in Brazil. To this end, we explore the effect of changes in several metrics of quality and access to public healthcare on trends in hospitalization rates before (2008-09) and after (2011-12) PCV10 introduction in 2010. Changes in infant pneumonia hospitalization rates following vaccine introduction were significantly associated with concomitant changes in hospital capacity and the fraction of the population using public hospitals. Importantly, reduction of pneumonia hospitalization rates after PCV10 were also associated with the expansion of outpatient services in several Brazilian states, falling more sharply where primary care coverage and the number of health units offering basic and emergency care increased more. We show that adjustments for unrelated (non-vaccine) trends commonly employed by impact studies, such as use of single control outcomes, are not always sufficient for accurate impact assessment. We discuss several ways to identify and overcome such biases, including sensitivity analyses using different denominators to calculate hospitalizations rates and methods that track changes in the outpatient setting. Employing these practices can improve the accuracy of vaccine impact estimates, particularly in evolving healthcare settings typical of low- and middle-income countries

Sistolik kalp yetmezlikli hastalarda karvedilolün P dalga süresi ve dispersiyonu üzerine etkileri

Amaç: Karvedilol tedavisi, sol ventrikül ejeksiyon fraksiyonunu artırır, ventriküler disfonksiyonun şiddetini, morbidite ve mortaliteyi azaltır. Ancak sistolik kalp yetmezlikli hastalarda karvedilolün P dalga dispersiyonu ve süresi üzerine etkileri bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmada kalp yetmezliği olan hastalarda karvedilolün P dalga süresi ve dispersiyonu üzerine olan etkilerini araştırdık. Hastalar ve Yöntemler: Sol ventrikül ejeksiyon fraksiyonu %40'ın altında olan kalp yetmezlikli 56 hasta ileriye dönük olarak çalışmaya alındı. Karvedilol kalp yetmezliğinin standart tedavisine ek olarak verildi. Başlangıçta ve karvedilol tedavisinin dördüncü ayında fizik muayene, radyonüklid çalışma ve başlangıç maksimum ve minimum P-dalga süresi ve P-dalga dispersiyonu ölçümleri yapıldı. Bulgular: Karvedilol tedavisi ile maksimum P dalga süresi ve P-dalga dispersiyonu belirgin olarak azaldı. Sol ventrikül ejeksiyon fraksiyonu ve NYHA fonksiyonel sınıfı karvedilol tedavisi sonrası düzeldi. (Maksimum P-dalga süresi; 126±9 ms'den 120±7ms'ye; p=0.001, P- dalga dispersiyonu; 51±7 ms'den 46±5 ms'ye geriledi; p=0.001). Sonuç: Karvedilol tedavisi maksimum P-dalga süresi ve P-dalga dispersiyonunu direkt (doğrudan) ve indirekt (dolaylı) olarak azaltır. Bu kalp yetmezliği olan hastalarda atriyal fibrilasyon görülme sıklığını azaltabilir.Objectives: Carvedilol therapy reduces the severity of the ventricular dysfunction, increases left ventricular ejection fraction and reduces the mortality and morbidity. However, the effect of carvedilol on P-wave dispersion and P-wave duration in patients with systolic heart failure is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of carvedilol therapy on P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion in patients with heart failure. Patients and Methods: Fifty-six patients with heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 40% were prospectively included in the study. Carvedilol was administered in addition to standard therapy for heart failure. Clinical examination and radionuclide study and baseline maximum and minimum P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion measurements were performed for each patient at the beginning and at the end of the fourth month of carvedilol therapy. Results: Maximum P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion significantly decreased, left ventricular ejection fraction and NYHA functional class improved by carvedilol therapy (Maximum P-wave duration; from 126±9 ms to 120±7ms; p=0.001, P-wave dispersion; from 51±7 ms to 46±5 ms; p=0.001). Conclusion: Carvedilol therapy directly or indirectly reduces maximum P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion. This may lead to a reduction in the occurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure

Sabit mıknatıslı senkron motorun uzay vektör modülasyonlu doğrudan moment kontrolünün benzetimi

Günümüzde mikroişlemci teknolojisindeki gelişmeler ve güçlü mıknatısların üretilmesine bağlı olarak Sabit Mıknatıslı Senkron Motorların (SMSM) kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Önceleri endüstriyel sürücü sistemlerde yaygın olarak kullanılan asenkron motorların yerini artık SMSM’ler almıştır. SMSM’ler günümüzde asansörler, çamaşır makineleri, elektrikli araçlar, fanlar, pompalar, otomasyon teknolojileri vb. birçok alanda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. SMSM’lerde vektör kontrol yöntemleri olarak Alan Yönlendirmeli Kontrol ve Doğrudan Moment Kontrolü (DMK) kullanılmaktadır. DMK’da stator akısı ve moment, inverter için uygun bir anahtarlama stratejisinin kullanılması ile doğrudan kontrol edilmektedir. Sürücü sistemlerde DMK’nın kullanılması ile modern sürücü sistemlerden istenen iyi bir dinamik cevap ve esnek bir kontrol yapısı elde edilmektedir. DMK, histerezis ve uzay vektör modülasyonlu olmak üzere iki faklı şekilde gerçekleştirilmektedir. Uzay vektör modülasyonlu DMK yöntemi inverterin sabit anahtarlama frekansında çalışmasına imkân sağlaması nedeniyle yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada SMSM’nin uzay vektör modülasyonlu DMK’sının Matlab/Simulink benzetimi yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar irdelenmiştir. Benzetim sonuçlarından, uzay vektör modülasyonlu DMK ile kontrol edilen SMSM’nin, modern sürücü sistemlerden istenen geniş bir hız aralığında kararlı çalışma ve değişken yük durumları için hızlı moment cevabına sahip olduğu görülmektedir.In parallel to the recent developments in microprocessors technology and production of strong magnets the interest on Permanent Magnet Syncronous Motors (PMSM) increases continuously. PMSM are begun to be used in industrial driver set ups instead of asynchronous motors which were used commonly before. Today PMSM are used in different applications such as elevators, washing machines, electrical vehicles, fans, pumps and automation technologies. In PMSM, Field Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control (DTC) are used as vector control methods. In DTC, stator flux and torque are directly controlled using a suitable switching strategy for the inverter. With the use DTC in driver systems, a better dynamic response and a flexible control which are expected in modern driver systems is obtained. DTC is realized in two ways namely hysteresis and space vector modulation. DTC method with space vector modulation is commonly used since it gives an opportunity for inverter to work at a constant switching frequency. In this study, the simulation of PMSM’s DTC with space vector modulation is generated with Matlab/Simulink and the results are discussed. According to the simulation results, it is observed that PMSM controlled by DTC with space vector modulation has stable action in a wide speed range which is requested from modern drivers systems and fast torque response for variable load states

Outer Rotor SRM Design for Electric Vehicle without Reducer via Speed-Up Evolutionary Algorithm

Reducers utilized in automotive industry provide motor to run in most effective region and transmission output torque to increase. However, they cause mass and cost to increase and also efficiency to decrease due to mechanical losses. The aim of this study is to design a direct drive motor (outer rotor switched reluctance motor (OR-SRM)) without reducer resulting in enhanced efficiency for electric vehicle (EV). To estimate dimension and electrical parameters of OR-SRM, mathematical equations are originally derived from its geometry. Considering the constraints of package size and outer diameter, all the dimension parameters of the motor are optimized via multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to get the desired efficiency and torque. In order to validate the results in the proposed approach, OR-SRM is modeled by Maxwell 3D using optimized dimension parameters. In-wheel OR-SRM with 18/12 poles (30 kW) is manufactured to employ it in an EV. Theoretical results are compared to experimental results. It can be concluded that the results are satisfactory