Development of a modified dynamic energy and greenhouse gas reduction planning approach through the case of Indian power sector

Energy and Environmental Analysis is a method to evaluate utility of any energy system by finding the requirement of energy and resulting emissions through all the materials and processes used to build and use any system over its entire life and also to demolish it at the end of life. Relationship between the cumulative energy demand and cumulative emissions with energy output from the system establishes indicators for its utility in terms "Energy Yield Ratio" and "Emission Coefficient". Energy and Environmental Planning is a macroscopic exercise used for conducting futuristic studies through dynamic assessment of the defined reference energy system comprising of many alternatives and constraints. It is done to find the optimum solution for certain objective function often system cost minimization through meeting system requirements such as the energy demand. To establish link between these two approaches, a new methodology has been formulated in this work. It has been done through linking the Cumulative Energy Demand (a system specific, energy analysis parameter of static nature), and the overall energy demand which is a dynamic parameter governed by its rate of growth. With the help of this new method, Cumulative Energy Demand of any system acts as a barrier for growth as it takes away energy from the overall energy pool. The value of maximum growth obtained through equilibrium equations has been exogenously supplied to the energy planning tool and thus the link between the two different approaches has been established. This work demonstrates the method for each of the above approaches separately and then jointly, involving various technologies for power generation. A much widely used energy planning software MARKAL (MARket ALlocation), has been used for carrying out planning related analysis which treats the defined Reference Energy System as a dynamic bottom-up problem and finds the objective function through obtaining a partial equilibrium at all intermediate stages. The above mentioned methodology has been validated through the analysis of Indian power sector. There has been an unsatisfactory growth in this sector during past few years which has resulted into increase in the shortage of power supply. Besides, pressure for controlling the emission of greenhouse gases is increasing day by day. Therefore, model of the Indian power sector has been developed and several scenarios have been made to cover various major possibilities for the future. Effects of introduction of CO2 taxes at different rates have also been modeled through the developed approach to find the consequential change in the structure of power sector and to assess the potential for reduction in emissions. Results obtained indicate that during the period up to the year 2025, there exists a possibility of reducing carbon dioxide emissions up to about 25%. The system will incur about 100 to 140 rupees (approximately 2.5 to 3.5 Euro) for reduction of each ton of carbon dioxide depending upon the target and hence decided emission tax rates. These costs are much less as compared to the rates found for other countries like Germany, as the renewable energy based power generation is relatively much cheaper in India. It has also been found that it would be better to pay more attention towards large hydro and wind power as they tend to be more economic in almost all scenarios. There also exists a possibility for natural gas based power plants to replace coal based plants but at present Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion based coal power plants would be better. As one of the results it is also inferred that advanced technologies like Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle based coal power plants, oil based power plants and photovoltaic power plants are not competitive enough with their present cost and performance criteria, in any of the considered scenarios

Review of studies on thermal comfort in Indian residential buildings

This paper presents the systematic review on thermal comfort studies in Indian residential buildings, helpful in identifying the present research scenario, data gaps and policy interventions. Majority of the studies are performed in composite climate (ten), followed by warm-humid (seven) and a very few from cold (two) and hot-dry (two) climates. None of the thermal comfort study is found from temperate climate. Besides, the seven studies have considered multiple climates for assessment of thermal comfort in residential buildings. This shows that thermal comfort studies in Indian residential buildings are scarce, scattered and unorganized. Further, due to differences in socio-cultural set-up and local adaptations, the prodigious variations in occupant’s comfort requirements are reported. This review argues the dynamic modifications in individual behaviours due to change in cost of building energy services and comfort requirements. Only four studies have partially considered the occupant behaviour regarding control of indoor thermal environment. The results obtained from these studies indicate that there is strong need of localised thermal comfort model that will not only help in improving comfort requirements but also the building energy performance. Moreover, this review paves way for research development in India where high residential building stock is yet to be built

Overview of current compressed air energy storage projects and analysis of the potential underground storage capacity in India and the UK

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is an established and evolving technology for providing large-scale, long-term electricity storage that can aid electrical power systems achieve the goal of decarbonisation. CAES facilities often utilise large underground storage caverns to ensure high capacity systems. This results in the need of locations with suitable geological features to develop a CAES plant. This paper examines recent and ongoing large-scale CAES projects and presents candidate methods of storing high pressure air using underground features. An assessment of the overall potential for CAES in India is presented by examining its geological features and locations with the greatest potential for CAES plants are determined. This is combined with an analysis of the renewable electricity generation potential in India to identify candidate areas for renewable generation and CAES integrated systems. Up to 1.05% of Indian land area is deemed suitable for CAES plant development and if fully utilised would be sufficient to meet the energy storage needs of India, however, practically a very small fraction of the total suitable land that could be developed so other competing energy storage technologies should be considered. Conversely, the UK possesses a very good potential for CAES, enough to greatly exceed necessary energy storage, owing to the abundance of salt beds not present in India. For CAES to garner serious consideration in India, aquifer storage based CAES needs to be demonstrated

A stochastic multi-interval scheduling framework to quantify operational flexibility in low carbon power systems

Operational flexibility is required in power systems to mitigate load-generation imbalances. Inflexibility either results in infeasible scheduling or shift resources from their economic operating point. System operators must estimate flexibility requirement, assess its availability from committed resources, and take corrective measures to handle upcoming inflexibility events. Various metrics are integrated with economic dispatch to quantify different facets of flexibility — ramp, power, and energy. Consideration of all three facets is essential for its adequate assessment, but is often neglected in literature and requires an in-depth investigation. Further, existing literature hardly consider resources’ day-ahead scheduling decisions while evaluating flexibility for real-time operations. This results in erratic assessment of available flexibility. In this context, the paper proposes a comprehensive metric to quantify flexibility in terms of ramp, power, and energy insufficiency by simultaneously considering their system-wide requirement and availability. A Resource Flexibility Index based on operating range and ramping capability of resources is proposed for accurate indication of available flexibility. The proposed metric is integrated with real-time stochastic multi-interval scheduling framework that considers day-ahead operational constraints. Netload forecast and associated uncertainty are characterized using Long Short-Term Memory and Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. Results highlight that the flexibility index is proportional to system’s netload variability handling capability and average inflexibility can be reduced up to 97% with the utilization of emerging resources and ramp products. The proposed tools are of value to power system planners and operators to manage netload intermittency

Evaluating assumptions of scales for subjective assessment of thermal environments – Do laypersons perceive them the way, we researchers believe?

International audienc

Transient effect of soil thermal diffusivity on performance of EATHE system

This paper presents effect of thermo-physical properties of soil on performance of an Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger (EATHE). The analysis has been carried out using a validated three-dimensional, transient numerical model for three different types of soil. The governing equations, based on the k–ε model and energy equation were used to describe the turbulence and heat transfer phenomena, are solved by using finite volume method. Comparisons were made in terms of temperature drop, heat transfer rate and COP of the EATHE system by operating it continuously for 12 h duration. The study reveals that each soil exhibits different rate of heat dissipation and thermal saturation over a period of continuous operation, which adversely affects the performance of EATHE. Dissipation of heat from the EATHE pipes to its surrounding soil and subsequently to the outer subsoil region is mainly found to be depending upon the thermal conductivity of soil; even of their thermal diffusivity is of different order

Introduction to wind energy systems: basics, technology and operation

Serving as a first text on wind energy for scientists and for more general but no less interested readers, this book provides an introductory work that combines interdisciplinary scope with a simple, lucid style

Introduction to Wind Energy SystemsBasics, Technology and Operation /

X, 106 p.online resource

Energy characterization of forced ventilated Photovoltaic-DSF system in hot summer of composite climate

Performance of Photovoltaic-double skin façade (Photovoltaic-DSF) system in summer has been critical. Owing to high solar ingress, cooling requirement of a building significantly increases. Photovoltaic-DSF system provides a shield and controls the heat gain through fenestration in the interior spaces. In the present article, mathematical correlations are developed for energy characterization of forced-ventilated Photovoltaic-DSF system in India's hot summer zone i.e. Jaipur. The Photovoltaic-DSF system has been installed and monitored for Jaipur's summer months (May to July). L25 Orthogonal array of design parameters (air cavity thickness, air velocity, and PV panel's transparency) and their respective levels have been developed using Taguchi design to perform experiments. Based on experimental results, multiple linear regression has been used to forecast solar heat gain coefficient, PVs electrical power and daylighting illuminance indoors as function of design factors. The statistical significance of mathematical relationships is sorted by variance analysis, which is found to be in good accord with field measurements (R2 > 0.90). The proposed correlations are pragmatic in designing Photovoltaic-DSF systems for hot summer conditions. The Photovoltaic-DSF system with 30% transmittance and air velocity of 5 metres per second in 200 mm air cavity thickness achieved maximum energy performance in hot summers