Lasten atyyppiset mykobakteeri-infektiot

Mykobakteerien aiheuttamat lasten kaulaimusolmukkeiden tulehdukset ovat odotetusti lisääntyneet sen jälkeen, kun kaikkien lasten BCG-rokotuksista siirryttiin vuonna 2006 riskiryhmien rokottamiseen. Koska nämä infektiot ovat olleet erittäin harvinaisia rokotetuilla lapsilla, nykyinen ongelma on uusi lääkäreille. Hyväkuntoisen lapsen kaulaan kasvaa vähitellen suureneva aristamaton patti. Iho alkaa kuukauden tai parin kuluttua sinertää. Kehittynyt paise puhkeaa, ja eritys jatkuu viikkoja. Viimeistään vuoden kuluttua paikalla on arpi. Parantava hoito on kokeneen korvalääkärin suorittama imusolmukkeen poisto. Mikäli poisto ei ole mahdollinen kasvohermon vaurioitumisen vaaran tai tulehtuneen alueen laajuuden vuoksi, voidaan tilannetta seurata ilman toimenpiteitä. Lääkehoidosta ei yleensä ole hyötyä. Tilanteen ja taudinkulun selittäminen vanhemmille on tärkeää

SNP Design from 454 Sequencing of Podosphaera plantaginis Transcriptome Reveals a Genetically Diverse Pathogen Metapopulation with High Levels of Mixed-Genotype Infection

Peer reviewe

Lasten atyyppiset mykobakteeri-infektiot

Mykobakteerien aiheuttamat lasten kaulaimusolmukkeiden tulehdukset ovat odotetusti lisääntyneet sen jälkeen, kun kaikkien lasten BCG-rokotuksista siirryttiin vuonna 2006 riskiryhmien rokottamiseen. Koska nämä infektiot ovat olleet erittäin harvinaisia rokotetuilla lapsilla, nykyinen ongelma on uusi lääkäreille. Hyväkuntoisen lapsen kaulaan kasvaa vähitellen suureneva aristamaton patti. Iho alkaa kuukauden tai parin kuluttua sinertää. Kehittynyt paise puhkeaa, ja eritys jatkuu viikkoja. Viimeistään vuoden kuluttua paikalla on arpi. Parantava hoito on kokeneen korvalääkärin suorittama imusolmukkeen poisto. Mikäli poisto ei ole mahdollinen kasvohermon vaurioitumisen vaaran tai tulehtuneen alueen laajuuden vuoksi, voidaan tilannetta seurata ilman toimenpiteitä. Lääkehoidosta ei yleensä ole hyötyä. Tilanteen ja taudinkulun selittäminen vanhemmille on tärkeää

Revised Phylogeny and Novel Horizontally Acquired Virulence Determinants of the Model Soft Rot Phytopathogen <em>Pectobacterium wasabiae</em> SCC3193

<div><p>Soft rot disease is economically one of the most devastating bacterial diseases affecting plants worldwide. In this study, we present novel insights into the phylogeny and virulence of the soft rot model <em>Pectobacterium</em> sp. SCC3193, which was isolated from a diseased potato stem in Finland in the early 1980s. Genomic approaches, including proteome and genome comparisons of all sequenced soft rot bacteria, revealed that SCC3193, previously included in the species <em>Pectobacterium carotovorum</em>, can now be more accurately classified as <em>Pectobacterium wasabiae</em>. Together with the recently revised phylogeny of a few <em>P. carotovorum</em> strains and an increasing number of studies on <em>P. wasabiae</em>, our work indicates that <em>P. wasabiae</em> has been unnoticed but present in potato fields worldwide. A combination of genomic approaches and in planta experiments identified features that separate SCC3193 and other <em>P. wasabiae</em> strains from the rest of soft rot bacteria, such as the absence of a type III secretion system that contributes to virulence of other soft rot species. Experimentally established virulence determinants include the putative transcriptional regulator SirB, two partially redundant type VI secretion systems and two horizontally acquired clusters (Vic1 and Vic2), which contain predicted virulence genes. Genome comparison also revealed other interesting traits that may be related to life in planta or other specific environmental conditions. These traits include a predicted benzoic acid/salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase of eukaryotic origin. The novelties found in this work indicate that soft rot bacteria have a reservoir of unknown traits that may be utilized in the poorly understood latent stage in planta. The genomic approaches and the comparison of the model strain SCC3193 to other sequenced <em>Pectobacterium</em> strains, including the type strain of <em>P. wasabiae</em>, provides a solid basis for further investigation of the virulence, distribution and phylogeny of soft rot bacteria and, potentially, other bacteria as well.</p> </div

Frequency of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms found in transcriptome sequences of <i>Podosphaera plantaginis</i>, compared to the genomic data of three other fungal species: <i>Magnaporthae oryzae</i>, <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>.

<p>Frequency of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms found in transcriptome sequences of <i>Podosphaera plantaginis</i>, compared to the genomic data of three other fungal species: <i>Magnaporthae oryzae</i>, <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Tuber melanosporum</i>.</p

Characteristics of the 33 SNP loci discovered in <i>Po. plantaginis populations</i> from the Åland archipelago: contig number, functional description of the gene (inferred from PANZER) and minor allele frequency in the dataset genotyped (the latter being available only for the 27 loci included in the SNP genotyping set).

<p>Characteristics of the 33 SNP loci discovered in <i>Po. plantaginis populations</i> from the Åland archipelago: contig number, functional description of the gene (inferred from PANZER) and minor allele frequency in the dataset genotyped (the latter being available only for the 27 loci included in the SNP genotyping set).</p

Synteny of <i>Pectobacterium wasabiae</i> and <i>Pectobacterium atrosepticum</i> genomes.

<p>Pairwise alignments of genomes were generated using Mauve. <i>P. wasabiae</i> CFBP 3304^T contigs were aligned according to <i>P. wasabiae</i> SCC3193. The sequence similarity in the pairwise alignment of <i>P. wasabiae</i> SCC3193 and CFBP 3304^T was 80.6%. The similarity between SCC3193 and WPP163 was 92.6% and between WPP163 and CFBP 3304^T was 80.9%. The sequence similarity compared to <i>P. atrosepticum</i> was 71.3% in the case of SCC3193, 69.6% for CFBP 3304^T and 72.2% for WPP163.</p

Distribution of the 85 mutilocus genotypes (MLG) found in the whole metapopulation.

<p>Each bar represents one MLG, ordered by their frequencies. For each bar the different colours indicate in how many patches the MLG was found.</p