Entrepreneurial aspects of the EU Succession Regulation

This article investigates entrepreneurial aspects of succession law under the EU Succession Regulation. The subject area of entrepreneurial succession takes on a new dimension in a cross-border context. It is now the rule that there is at least one foreign connection within an entrepreneurial family: this may be the case due to a foreign nationality, a foreign habitual residence of the entrepreneur or the existence of company assets abroad, etc. Consequently, the entire process of business succession is strongly influenced by rules of private international law and must be viewed from a new – namely international – standpoint. Each EU Member State has its own conflict of law rules with regard to succession law, which provides an answer to the question of which law should be applied when there is an interference with other legal systems. For the territory of the EU, there has been an EU-wide inheritance law since August 2015 that answers this question – the so – called EU Succession Regulation, which also applies to entrepreneurs in their legal status as natural persons. Despite the fact that company law is explicitly excluded from the scope of application of the EU Succession Regulation, its interfaces with company law are of great practical relevance for the succession of the deceased entrepreneur. The aim of this article is to highlight the various legal aspects of the business succession under the EU Succession Regulation and distinguish them from the rules of private international law

Neurophysiologic markers of primary motor cortex for laryngeal muscles and premotor cortex in caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus investigated in motor speech disorder : a navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study

Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have so far reported the results of mapping the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and tongue muscles in stuttering disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for locating the M1 for laryngeal muscle and premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, corresponding to Broca's area in stuttering subjects by applying new methodology for mapping these motor speech areas. Sixteen stuttering and eleven control subjects underwent rTMS motor speech mapping using modified patterned rTMS. The subjects performed visual object naming task during rTMS applied to the (a) left M1 for laryngeal muscles for recording corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEP) from cricothyroid muscle and (b) left premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus while recording long latency responses (LLR) from cricothyroid muscle. The latency of CoMEP in control subjects was 11.75 +/- A 2.07 ms and CoMEP amplitude was 294.47 +/- A 208.87 A mu V, and in stuttering subjects CoMEP latency was 12.13 +/- A 0.75 ms and 504.64 +/- A 487.93 A mu V CoMEP amplitude. The latency of LLR in control subjects was 52.8 +/- A 8.6 ms and 54.95 +/- A 4.86 in stuttering subjects. No significant differences were found in CoMEP latency, CoMEP amplitude, and LLR latency between stuttering and control-fluent speakers. These results indicate there are probably no differences in stuttering compared to controls in functional anatomy of the pathway used for transmission of information from premotor cortex to the M1 cortices for laryngeal muscle representation and from there via corticobulbar tract to laryngeal muscles.Peer reviewe

Neurophysiologic markers of primary motor cortex for laryngeal muscles and premotor cortex in caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus investigated in motor speech disorder : a navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study

Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have so far reported the results of mapping the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and tongue muscles in stuttering disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for locating the M1 for laryngeal muscle and premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, corresponding to Broca's area in stuttering subjects by applying new methodology for mapping these motor speech areas. Sixteen stuttering and eleven control subjects underwent rTMS motor speech mapping using modified patterned rTMS. The subjects performed visual object naming task during rTMS applied to the (a) left M1 for laryngeal muscles for recording corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEP) from cricothyroid muscle and (b) left premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus while recording long latency responses (LLR) from cricothyroid muscle. The latency of CoMEP in control subjects was 11.75 +/- A 2.07 ms and CoMEP amplitude was 294.47 +/- A 208.87 A mu V, and in stuttering subjects CoMEP latency was 12.13 +/- A 0.75 ms and 504.64 +/- A 487.93 A mu V CoMEP amplitude. The latency of LLR in control subjects was 52.8 +/- A 8.6 ms and 54.95 +/- A 4.86 in stuttering subjects. No significant differences were found in CoMEP latency, CoMEP amplitude, and LLR latency between stuttering and control-fluent speakers. These results indicate there are probably no differences in stuttering compared to controls in functional anatomy of the pathway used for transmission of information from premotor cortex to the M1 cortices for laryngeal muscle representation and from there via corticobulbar tract to laryngeal muscles.Peer reviewe

Management of Blunt Pancreatic Trauma in Children

Abstract Purpose. Blunt abdominal trauma is the major cause of abdominal injury in children. Because of the retroperitoneal location, insidious signs and symptoms and the lack of sensitivity with common imaging modalities often lead to diffi culties in making an accurate diagnosis. The most common complication is the formation of a pancreatic fi stula, pancreatitis and a pancreatic pseudocyst, which usually manifests within 3 or 4 weeks after injury. Methods. The case records of seven children (4 male, 3 female) treated for blunt pancreatic injury in the department of pediatric surgery, University Hospital, Split were reviewed. Results. The treatment modalities were selected according to the grade of the pancreatic injury, hemodynamic status and associated injuries. Because all of the patients were classifi ed as grade I or II according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) classifi cation, a conservative treatment was selected for all seven patients. In four patients the conservative treatment resulted in the total regression of the clinical, biochemical and radiological signs within four weeks (AAST grade I). In the other three patients, pancreatic pseudocysts arose within 3 or 4 weeks after the injury (AAST grade II). Conclusions. The status of the main pancreatic duct and the location of the pancreatic injury constitute the basis of the AAST scoring system. This scale should be used as a guide to selecting a surgical or conservative strategy. Based on these data, two factors appear to be the most important determinants of the treatment strategy for children with pancreatic injury: the grade of the pancreatic injury, which is determined according to the status of the main pancreatic duct and the clinical status of the patient

Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Tissue Biomarker Analysis: A Comparison of Human Protein Atlas and Individual Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Component Immunohistochemistry

The accurate management of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) depends on identifying the individual histological tumor components. Currently available data on protein expression in TGCTs are limited. The human protein atlas (HPA) is a comprehensive resource presenting the expression and localization of proteins across tissue types and diseases. In this study, we have compared the data from the HPA with our in-house immunohistochemistry on core TGCT diagnostic genes to test reliability and potential biomarker genes. We have compared the protein expression of 15 genes in TGCT patients and non-neoplastic testicles with the data from the HPA. Protein expression was converted into diagnostic positivity. Our study discovered discrepancies in three of the six core TGCT diagnostic genes, POU5F1, KIT and SOX17 in HPA. DPPA3, CALCA and TDGF1 were presented as potential novel TGCT biomarkers. MGMT was confirmed while RASSF1 and PRSS21 were identified as biomarkers of healthy testicular tissue. Finally, SALL4, SOX17, RASSF1 and PRSS21 dysregulation in the surrounding testicular tissue with complete preserved spermatogenesis of TGCT patients was detected, a potential early sign of neoplastic transformation. We highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary collaborative approach to fully understand the protein landscape of human testis and its pathologies