Does dietary inulin affect biological activity of a grapefruit flavonoid-rich extract?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of the study was to verify that the concomitant presence of grapefruit flavonoid extract with inulin in a Western-type diet may provide synergistic effects to the hindgut metabolism, as well as blood lipid and mineral profiles.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Forty male Wistar rats were distributed into 4 groups and fed for 28 days with diets rich in fat, cholesterol and protein. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA was applied to assess the effects of inulin (v. sucrose, 5% of the diet), the addition of dietary grapefruit flavonoid extract (diets without or with 0.3% of an extract from hard parts of grapefruit) and the interaction between these two dietary factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>When compared to the control sucrose-containing diet, the diet enriched with inulin led to typical changes within the caecum, the main part of hindgut fermentation in rats, such as acidification of the digesta, support of bifidobacteria growth and increase of propionate and butyrate production. The dietary grapefruit flavonoid extract without inulin increased the bulk and pH value of caecal digesta, whereas short-chain fatty acid concentration and the bifidobacteria population were lowered compared to the extract-free diets. Simultaneous dietary addition of both tested components decreased slightly the pH value and increased somewhat the bifidobacteria number and the propionate concentration, however to the level observed with the control sucrose-containing diet. With regard to blood lipids, dietary grapefruit flavonoid extract decreased the triglyceride concentration regardless of the dietary carbohydrate type.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Inulin does not provide any additional benefit to the blood lipid profile caused by the dietary application of grapefruit flavonoid extract and it does not counteract clearly detrimental effects of the extract in the hindgut. Adding grapefruit extract to the diet must be performed with caution due to possible adverse hindgut responses with overdoses.</p

Effects of Dietary Addition of a Low-Pectin Apple Fibre Preparation on Rats

The aim of this study was to scrutinise if the dietary addition of a low-pectin fibre preparation obtained from apple pomace, the by-product of apple concentrate processing, is able to favourably affect the gut metabolism, antioxidant status and blood bio-markers of the organism, as it takes place when apple fibre is present in the diet as an unprocessed ingredient. The nutritional experiment was performed on rats allocated to 2 groups of 10 animals each and fed for 2 weeks with either a control cellulose-containing diet or an experimental low-pectin apple fibre-containing diet. To induce metabolic disorders a diet rich in saturated fat and fructose was used in both diet-specific groups. The dietary apple fibre preparation (AFP) significantly reduced the activity of sucrase and maltase in the mucosa of the small intestine. In the caecal digesta, the dietary AFP significantly increased bacterial α-glucosidase and α-galactosidase activity, whereas bacterial β-glucuronidase activity was significantly reduced. Also, the content of short chain fatty acids in the caecal digesta was significantly increased after the AFP supplementation. In the blood serum, the dietary AFP significantly reduced the glucose concentration, and decreased the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol. In conclusion, the tested dietary AFP is still able to favourably affect the gut metabolism and can also ameliorate blood glucose concentration, which seems to be related to the inhibition of mucosal disaccharidase activities. However, the analysed preparation has no influence on the antioxidant status of the organism and may trigger adverse effects on cholesterol metabolism

The importance of serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract

Introduction. Serotonin also called as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a very important neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, also plays an important role in the gastrointestinal tract. It is known that the basis of the peristaltic reflex in the gut is the result of serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells. The vast majority of serotonin in the human body is associated with the gastrointestinal tract. It is produced by enterochromaffin cells, the activation of which causes the serotonin secretion into the intercellular space and its active action through the receptors. There are seven main types of serotonin receptors and some of them have also subtypes.Description of the current knowledge and conclusions. Serotonin is responsible for some symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. It is the result of higher 5-hydroxytryptamine content in the body. Moreover disrupted serotonin system is found in different gastrointestinal disorders e.g. in gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional heartburn, hypersensitive esophagus, functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome (both diarrhoea predominant and constipation predominant) as well as in inflammatory bowel diseases. Knowledge of changed mechanisms in particular diseases facilitates the optimal choice of treatment. Drugs affecting the serotonin system in gastroenterological clinical practice are useful especially in the case of abnormalities in the brain - gut axis

Sastav i biološka svojstva etanolnih ekstrakata korijena, kore, sjemenja i listova cikorije

The chemical composition of the ethanol extracts of chicory root, peel, seed and leaf has been determined, in particular their inulin and phenolic fractions. The root and peel extracts were characterized by large mass fractions of inulin (60.1 and 46.8 g per 100 g of fresh mass, respectively), predominantly with degree of polymerization in the range from 3 to 10, while phenolics, determined as caffeoylquinic acids, made up 0.5 and 1.7 g per 100 g of fresh mass, respectively. The leaf and seed extracts had decidedly lower mass fractions of inulin (1.7 and 3.2 g per 100 g of fresh mass, respectively) and higher mass fractions of phenolics (9.6 and 4.22 g per 100 g of fresh mass, respectively) recognized as caffeoylquinic acids, chicoric acid and quercetin glucuronide. The biological properties of a non-inulin fraction from each extract were determined on Wistar rats fed with diets rich in fructose and saturated fat, as a model of metabolic changes related to westernization of human eating habits. The diets contained the same amount of inulin (6 %) with various phenolic fractions. Some changes were noted in the microbial enzymatic activity of the caecum after feeding for 4 weeks with the diet containing the highest mass fraction of phenolics (0.208 %), derived from the mixture of peel and seed extracts (decreased activity of β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase), as well as with the diet containing leaf extract (decreased β-glucuronidase activity). All the diets showed no essential influence on the caecal concentration and profile of short-chain fatty acids, except acetate, whose concentration decreased significantly in rats fed with the diet enriched with root extract. The addition of peel and leaf extracts to the fructose diets significantly increased the serum antioxidant capacity of lipophilic substances. The study indicates that parts of chicory and its byproducts might be a source of valuable compounds to improve the physiological activity of inulin.Određen je kemijski sastav etanolnih ekstrakata (tj. udjeli inulina i fenola) korijena, kore, sjemenja i listova cikorije. Ekstrakti korijena i kore sadržavali su velike masene udjele inulina, i to u 100 g svježe tvari: korijen 60,1 g i kora 46,8 g, pri čemu je stupanj polimerizacije bio od 3 do 10. Maseni udjel fenola (derivata kofeinske kiseline) u 100 g svježe tvari bio je u ekstraktu korijena 0,5 g, a u ekstraktu kore 1,7 g. Ekstrakti lišća i sjemenja imali su kudikamo manji udjel inulina u 100 g svježe tvari (ekstrakt lišća 1,7 g i ekstrakt sjemenja 3,2 g) i veći maseni udjel fenola u 100 g svježe tvari (ekstrakt lišća 9,6 g i ekstrakt sjemenja 4,22 g). Biološka svojstva fenola, tj. njihov utjecaj na metaboličke promjene prouzročene zapadnjačkim načinom prehrane, ispitana su na štakorima Wistar kojima je davana hrana bogata fruktozom i zasićenim masnim kiselinama. Hrana je sadržavala isti udjel inulina, a različite masene udjele fenola, ovisno o dodanom ekstraktu. Nakon 4 tjedna prehrane hranom s najvećim udjelom fenola od 0,208 % uočene su promjene u aktivnosti enzima mikrobnog podrijetla, izoliranih iz slijepoga crijeva štakora. Utvrđeno je da hrana koja sadržava mješavinu ekstrakata kore i sjemenja smanjuje aktivnost β-galaktozidaze i β-glukuronidaze, dok hrana koja sadržava ekstrakt lišća smanjuje aktivnost samo β-glukuronidaze. Prehrana nije utjecala na koncentraciju i sastav masnih kiselina, osim što je hrana s dodatkom ekstrakta korijena bitno smanjila koncentraciju acetata u slijepom crijevu. Dodatkom ekstrakata kore i lišća hrani bogatoj fruktozom znatno se povećala antioksidativna aktivnost seruma. Studija je pokazala da dijelovi cikorije i njezine prerađevine mogu poslužiti kao izvor vrijednih sastojaka koji poboljšavaju fiziološku aktivnost inulina

Raspberry pomace alters cecal microbial activity and reduces secondary bile acids in rats fed a high-fat diet

The profile of bile acids (BA) largely depends on the enzymatic activity of the microbiota, but this can be modulated by the dietary addition of biologically active compounds, e.g., polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary raspberry pomace as a rich source of biologically active compounds on microbial activity and the BA profile in the caecum of rats fed a high-fat diet. Wistar rats were fed the standard diet AIN-93, a high-fat diet or a modified high-fat diet enriched with 7% different types of processed raspberry pomaces produced by standard grinding and fine grinding, with or without seeds. Rats fed the high-fat diet for eight weeks showed some disorders in liver function and cecal BA, as manifested by an increased concentration of cholesterol, total BA in the liver and cholic, deoxycholic, and β-muricholic acids in the cecal digesta. In general, irrespective of the type of raspberry pomace, these dietary preparations decreased liver cholesterol, hepatic fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, cecal ammonia and favorable changed BA profile in the cecum. However, among all dietary pomaces, the finely ground preparation containing seeds had the greatest beneficial effect on the caecum by modulating bacterial activity and reducing the levels of secondary BA

Use of berry pomace to replace flour, fat or sugar in cakes

[EN] Pomace from fruit juice production is a by-product with a high fibre and bioactive compound content. It is commonly used as animal feed, so using it in food brings added value. The present study assessed the effect of using black currant and aronia pomace to replace either part of the flour, fat or sugar in sponge cakes. Batters in which sugar was replaced showed the highest viscosity. On the other hand, flour replacement led to batters with the lowest viscosity and gave place to softer cakes with fewer but larger-sized air cells. Sugar replacement conferred greater hardness and a larger number of small air cells. In general, fat replacement gave rise to intermediate crumb texture and structure properties in comparison with flour and sugar replacements. In vitro starch digestion showed that the flour-replaced sponge cakes possessed the lowest hydrolysis index and glycaemic index values. 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Effects of aronia melanocarpa juice on plasma and liver phospholipid fatty acid composition in wistar rats

A nutritional placebo-controlled study was performed in Wistar rats in order to investigate the effects of 5-weeks aronia juice consumption towards fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids in the plasma and liver, as well as plasma glucose (Glu) and cholesterol levels. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 8 animals each, and randomized to receive either the full polyphenol dose of Aronia melanocarpa juice (AMJ), 4 times less polyphenol dose (1/4-AMJ) or polyphenol-lacking placebo beverage (PLB). Each group of 8 male adult Wistar rats received the liquid ad libitum. AMJ decreased the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P lt 0.05) vs. PLB. AMJ increased dihomo-gamma-linoleic acid (DGLA, 20: 3n-6) (P lt 0.05) and decreased arachidonic acid content (AA, 20: 4n-6) (P lt 0.05) vs. PLB in liver phospholipids. AMJ significantly increased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels both in the liver (P lt 0.05) and plasma (P lt 0.05). Both aronia juice doses elevated the levels of beneficial n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the plasma and liver. There was a dose-dependent, significant increase (P lt 0.001) in cis-vaccenic acid (VA, 18: 1n-7) in phospholipids in the plasma and liver. Our results indicate favorable effects of aronia juice intake on lipid parameters in Wistar rats. These findings suggest the potential of aronia dietary intake in cardiometabolic diseases primary prevention strategies in the human population