Dermatologic Toxicities and Biological Activities of Chromium

Chromium is a versatile metal with various industrial applications and biological activities. However, as a transition metal, this element forms several species, i.e. oxidation states of −4 to +6, with different degrees of toxicities that affect ecosystems and organisms including human beings. The skin is the outermost organ that usually interacts directly with chromium species in nature. These contact and interaction induce the formation of several acute and chronic negative effects including contact dermatitis, skin cancer, allergy, etc. In this chapter, toxicity and biological activity of several chromium species, such as chromium zero-valent, trivalent, hexavalent, will be reviewed to obtain better comprehension in chromium toxicity. Sources and routes of exposure, toxicity and possible treatment, and biological activity on the skin are arranged and explained systematically

Monoglycerides as an Antifungal Agent

Monoglyceride is a part of a lipid group compound. As a derivative of triglycerides, monoglycerides could be produced from renewable resources like fat or vegetable oils. Structurally, monoglyceride has lipophilic and hydrophilic properties in its molecule. Lipophilic properties could be donated by an acyl group from fatty acid and hydrophilic properties from two hydroxyl residues. Therefore, it was referred to as an organic amphiphilic compound. Monoglycerides have potency as antifungal agents. Based on its chemical structure, monoglyceride allows to bind to lipid bilayer and other components on the cell membrane of fungal microorganism and damage it. In this chapter, we will describe the structure and classification, physical and chemical properties, as well as reaction path synthesis of monoglyceride from vegetable oils and mechanism of action of monoglyceride as antifungal agents

SINTESIS TURUNAN ASETOFENON DARI 1-(4-ASETOKSIFENIL-3-METOKSI)-2-PROPANIL FORMAT

The Synthesis of acetophenone derivative from 1-(4-acetoxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-propanyl formate through Fries Rearrangement in order to produceortho hidroxy acetophenone derivative as starting material of Flavanoid compound hasbeen done. The reaction of 1-(4-acetoxyphenyl-3-methoxy)-2-propanyl formate wasdone by heating at 120 °C for 3 hours under AlCl3, dichloromethane as the catalyst andsolvent, respectively. The structure of the compound was identified using Infra Redspectrometry (IR) dan GC-MS. Fries rearrangement of 1-(4-acetoxyphenil-3-methoxy)-2-propanyl formate produce 1-(2-hyidroxy-3-methoxy-5-propenyl)-acetophenone and 1-(2-hyidroxy-3-methoxy-5-propanyl)-acetophenone as sideproduct with product rendemen were 43.26% and 9.48%, respectively

REAKSI PENATAAN ULANG FRIES PADA EUGENIL ASETAT

Fries Rearrangement of eugenyl acetate in order to study allilic substituentgroup influence has been done. Fries rearrangement of eugenyl acetate was done byheating at 120°C for 3 hours under AlCl3, dichloromethane as the catalyst and solvent,respectively. The structure of the compound was identified using Infra Redspectrometry (IR) and GC-MS. The result of te research showed that rearrangementfries of eugenyl acetate are not formed, but yielded lightly brown oil of dimmer

WACANA PRO DAN KONTRA DALAM TALK SHOW INDONESIA LAWYERS CLUB YANG BERJUDUL “NEGARA PACEKLIK, PEROKOK DICEKIK?”: ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi hadirnya pemberitaan kenaikan harga rokok yang menuai banyak kontroversi sehingga menimbulkan pro dan kontra. Selain itu, isu kenaikan harga rokok ini dikhawatirkan dapat menyebabkan ketidakstabilan politik dan memicu konflik yang lebih besar. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini mencoba mengungkap fakta yang terkandung di dalamnya dengan melakukan analisis dari segi kebahasaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis wacana kritis model van Dijk sebagai pendekatan teoretisnya. Selain itu, data akan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Linguistik Fungsional Sistemik. Dalam penelitian ini terdapat tiga pertanyaan masalah penelitian, yakni: a) bagaimana struktur makro yang terdapat dalam wacana kenaikan harga rokok di Indonesia Lawyers Club?; b) bagaimana superstruktur yang terdapat dalam wacana kenaikan harga rokok di Indonesia Lawyers Club?; dan c) bagaimana struktur mikro yang terdapat dalam wacana kenaikan harga rokok di Indonesia Lawyers Club? Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa wacana kontroversi kenaikan harga rokok yang terdapat dalam talk show ILC. Hasil analisis pada tataran struktur makro menemukan wacana kenaikan harga rokok yang dihadirkan ILC terkait dengan tema lebih menonjolkan keberpihakan mereka kepada petani rokok dilihat dari redaksi judul yang menggunakan pilihan kata negatif. Pada tataran superstruktur, ILC membangun skema yang lengkap dengan maksud ingin menekankan dampak serta tanggapan dari kenaikan harga rokok. Pada tataran struktur mikro, dalam ILC terlihat pihak yang pro dan kontra terhadap wacana kenaikan harga rokok menggunakan strategi wacana yang berbeda dalam mengemukakan pendapatnya. Dalam wacana kenaikan harga rokok di ILC paling banyak ditemukan tipe proses verbal yang menandakan banyaknya aktivitas yang menyangkut informasi terkait wacana kenaikan harga rokok.----------ABSTRACT This research is motivated by the presence of news coverage of cigarette price increase that reap a lot of controversy, causing pros and cons. In addition, the issue of rising cigarette prices is feared could lead to political instability and trigger a larger conflict. Based on this, this research tries to reveal the facts contained in it by doing analysis in terms of language. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method with Van Dijk critical discourse analysis model as its theoretical approach. In addition, the data will be analyzed using Systemic Functional Linguistic approach. In this study there are three questions of research problem, those are: a) how is the macro structure contained in the discourse of rising cigarette prices in Indonesia Lawyers Club?; b) how is the superstructure contained in the discourse of rising cigarette prices in Indonesia Lawyers Club?; and c) how is the micro structure contained in the discourse of rising cigarette prices in Indonesia Lawyers Club? The data used in this research is discourse of controversy of cigarette price increase which is contained in ILC talk show. The result of analysis at macro structure level found that discourse of cigarette price increase which was presented by ILC related with the theme, emphasize to cigarette farmers seen from the title of the show that use negative word option. At the superstructure level, the ILC builds a complete scheme with a view to emphasizing the impact and response of rising cigarette prices. At the level of micro structure, in the ILC seen the pro and contra to discourse the increase in cigarette prices using different discourse strategies in expressing opinions. In the discourse of the increase in the price of cigarettes in ILC most found type is verbal process that signifies the number of activities related to information related to the discourse of rising cigarette prices

Synthesis AndCharacterization of 2,3,4-Trihydroxy-5-methyl Xanthone as Antimalarial Compound

Synthesis of xanthone derivatives had been conducted to obtain new antimalaria active compounds. The characterization of the synthesized xanthones was also conducted.Synthesis of xanthone was conducted from the raw material of hydroxybenzoic acid and phenol derivatives using Eaton\u27s reagent via acylation-dehydration reaction by modified Grover, Shah and Shah (GSS) method. The synthesis of 2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methyl xanthone was carried out using gallic acid, o-cresol and Eaton\u27s reagent.The mixture was heated for 3 h at 80 °C to yield2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methyl xanthone in 43% yield as dark red viscous liquid. The results of IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analysis of sampleshowed that the compound2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-methyl xanthonehas successfully synthesized

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF 1-(4’-BROMOPHENACYL)-3-(4’-BROMO-PHENYL)-4,6-DIMETHOXYINDOLE

1-Phenacyl-3-aryl-4,6-dimethoxyindoles 2b and 2c were obtained in good yields respectively through cyclization of N,N-diphenacylaniline 1b and 1c in trifluoroacetic acid. However, instead of giving pyrroloindole 3c, treatment of phenacylindole 2c with polyphosphoric acid afforded indolizine 5 in 42% yield. Phenacylindole 2c reacts with the Vilsmeier aroylation reagent consisted of a mixture of phosphoryl chloride and p-chloro-N,N-dimethylbenzamide to give 2-aroylindole 6 (32%) and pyrroloindole 7 (22%). When treated with sodium borohydride, phenacylindole 2c gave alcohol 8 in 83% yield. Nonetheless, treatment of alcohol 8 with either p-toluenesulfonic acid in glacial acetic acid or boron trifluoride etherate in benzene did not give the desired dihydropyrroloindole 12. Instead, the reactions afforded respectively acetyl ester 9 and indole 10 in 56% and 63% yield.   Keywords: phenacylindole, aroylindole, pyrroloindole, and indolizine

IN SILICO MOLECULAR DOCKING OF XANTHONE DERIVATIVES AS CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 INHIBITOR AGENTS

Objective: To demonstrate the potential ofdifferent xanthone derivatives as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor agents and their selectivity against cycloooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 using molecular simulation.Methods: Nine novel xanthone derivatives (compounds A-I) were employed to dock against protein COX-2 (Protein Data Bank/PDB ID: 1CX2) and COX-1 (PDB ID: 3N8Z). Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, was chosen as a control compound. The free binding energy produced by the docking was scored using Protein-Ligand Ant System (PLANTS) and the hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between ligands and enzymes were visualised using Pymol.Results: Molecular docking studies revealed that celecoxib docked to the active site of COX-2 enzyme, but not to COX-1; whereasxanthone derivatives docked to the active site of both COX-2 and COX-1. Free binding energy of xanthone derivatives ranged between-73,57 to-79,18 and between-73,06 to-79,25 against COX-2 and COX-1, respectively, and-78,13 against celecoxib. H-bonds in the molecule of xanthone derivatives and COX-2 protein were found in amino acid residues Arg120, Tyr355, Tyr385,and Ser353. There was an insignificant difference between the free binding energyof xanthone derivatives against COX-2 and against COX-1, suggesting that their inhibition was non-selective.Conclusion: In conclusion, in silico studies showed that xanthone derivatives could be effective as potential inhibitors against COX-2, although they are not selective

DESIGN OF HYDROXY XANTHONES DERIVATIVES AS ANTICANCER USING QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the research is to design a new hydroxy xanthone derivative has anticancer activity using quantitative structure-activityrelationship (QSAR).Methods: The QSAR designed new compounds were calculated by parameterized model 3 methods and analysis of multi-linear regression (MLR).Result: The result showed that the best model as follows:LogIC = –9.132 qC1 + 28.853 qC5 + 2.456 qC6 – 7.375 qC10 – 5.112 qC11 + 3.900This result has appropriate some statistical parameters (n=24; PRESS=0.999; r502=0.782; SEE=0. 235; R=0. 885; Fcal/FConclusion: This Model could be used to design of halogen-substituted hydroxy xanthone scaffold and predict their inhibitory concentration (ICtab=4.68).) asanticancer in the range of 0.001 - 0.484 μM.Keywords: Anticancer, Quantitative structure-activity relationship, Xanthone.5

ALDOL CONDENSATION OF N-ALKYLATED-3-ARYL-4,6-DIMETHOXY-7-FORMYLINDOLES AS A GOOD METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-ARYL-6,8-DIMETHOXYPYRROLO[3,2,1-<i>hi</i>]INDOLE-4-CARBOXYLATES

Alkylation of 3-aryl-4,6-dimethoxyindole 3a and 3b with methyl and ethyl a-bromoacetates afforded good yields of indol-1-ylacetates 4. Treatment of these indoles 4 with the Vilsmeier formylation reagent gave formylindoles 5 in 54-81 % yield. These formylindole 5 underwent intramolecular aldol condensation when treated with sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran to give pyrroloindole-4-carboxylates 6 in 30-60 % yield. Structural assignment based on spectroscopic data confirmed the structure of the synthesized pyrroloindoles. In the case of pyrroloindole 6c, the structure of this molecule was also proven by X-ray crystallography data.    Keywords: indole, pyrroloindole, aldol condensation, alkylation, and formylatio