MicroRNAs and HIV-1 Infection: Antiviral Activities and Beyond

AbstractCellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small, non-coding RNAs that bind to host mRNAs based on sequence complementarity and regulate protein expression. They play important roles in controlling key cellular processes including cellular inception, differentiation and death. While several viruses have been shown to encode for viral miRNAs, controversy persists over the expression of a functional miRNA encoded in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome. However, it has been reported that HIV-1 infectivity is influenced by cellular miRNAs. Either through directly targeting the viral genome or by targeting host cellular proteins required for successful virus replication, multiple cellular miRNAs seem to modulate HIV-1 infection and replication. Perhaps as a survival strategy, HIV-1 may modulate proteins in the miRNA biogenesis pathway to subvert miRNA-induced antiviral effects. Global expression profiles of cellular miRNAs have also identified alterations of specific miRNAs post-HIV-1 infection both in vitro and in vivo (in various infected patient cohorts), suggesting potential roles for miRNAs in pathogenesis and disease progression. However, little attention has been devoted in understanding the roles played by these miRNAs at a cellular level. In this manuscript, we review past and current findings pertaining to the field of miRNA and HIV-1 interplay. In addition, we suggest strategies to exploit miRNAs therapeutically for curbing HIV-1 infectivity, replication and latency since they hold an untapped potential that deserves further investigation

La suspensividad absoluta en la interposición del recurso de casación civil y la vulneración al principio de economía procesal

Este tema, que aborda las consecuencias nefastas de seguir manteniendo en nuestro proceso civil, un absoluto efecto suspensivo frente a la interposición del extraordinario recurso de Casación, busca poner a la palestra que distintos destinatarios de la justicia (jueces, abogados y litigantes) se percaten de la gran problemática que se presenta en nuestros tribunales justamente por fórmulas como estas. Específicamente es el artículo 393 de nuestro código Procesal Civil quien contiene esta fórmula altamente cuestionada no solo por nosotros sino por autorizada doctrina nacional. Es pues, menester del presente trabajo poner sobre la mesa las consecuencias negativas que genera la fórmula adoptada por el articulo antes mencionado; pero sobretodo, proponer una fórmula legislativa de modificación a efectos de menguar las grandes dificultades que en la práctica cotidiana se presentan Esperamos, entonces, que el presente trabajo de investigación coadyuve a la comunidad jurídica a advertir el problema planteado a fin de representarse propuestas de soluciones, como las que aquí se plantean.Tesi

The neuropathogenesis of AIDS

HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is an important complication of the central nervous system in patients who are infected with HIV-1. Although the incidence of HAD has markedly decreased since it has become possible to effectively control viral replication in the blood by administering highly active antiretroviral therapy, a less severe form of HAD, comprising a milder cognitive and motor disorder, is now potentially a serious problem. Brain macrophages and microglia are the key cell types that are infected by HIV-1 in the central nervous system, and they are likely to mediate the neurodegeneration seen in patients with HAD; however, the precise pathogenesis of this neurodegeneration is still unclear. Here, we discuss the studies that are being carried out to determine the respective contributions of infection, and monocyte and macrophage activation, to disease progression

Potential control of forest diseases by solutions of chitosan oligomers, propolis and nanosilver

Producción CientíficaThere is a growing necessity to replace chemical agents with ecofriendly materials, arising from the impact on the environment and/or human health, which calls for the design of new broad-spectrum fungicides. In this work, chitosan oligomers (COs), propolis (Ps) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mixtures in solution were assessed to control the growth of different phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes in vitro. Binary solutions of COs-Ps and COs-AgNPs evinced the highest antifungal effect against Fusarium circinatum and Diplodia pinea fungi, respectively, with a ca. 80% reduction in their mycelial growth. The COs solution by itself also proved to be greatly effective against Gremmeniella abietina, Cryphonectria parasitica and Heterobasidion annosum fungi, causing a reduction of 78%, 86% and 93% in their growth rate, respectively. Likewise, COs also attained a 100% growth inhibition on the oomycete Phytophthora cambivora. On the other hand, Ps inhibited totally the growth of Phytophthora ×alni and Phytophthora plurivora. The application of AgNPs reduced the mycelial growth of F. circinatum and D. pinea. However, the AgNPs in some binary and ternary mixtures had a counter-productive effect on the anti-fungal/oomycete activity. In spite of the fact that the anti-fungal/oomycete activity of the different treatments showed a dependence on the particular type of microorganism, these solutions based on natural compounds can be deemed as a promising tool for control of tree diseases.European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST Action FP1406 PINESTRENGTH)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project AGL2015-69370-R

Intentos para unificar el catecismo y los libros de oraciones en China y reinos adyacentes en el segundo tercio del s. XIX

El catecismo y el libro de oraciones eran unos instrumentos válidos y útiles en la primera evangelización y en la conservación de la fe de los fieles en las misiones de Oriente, que estaban confiadas, por lo general, a Órdenes religiosas e Institutos misioneros. Los Superiores eclesiásticos de las mismas habían instituido sus propios catecismos, que diferían de unos vicariatos a otros. La Congregación de Propaganda Fide en el segundo tercio del s. XIX intentó establecer un catecismo común consultando a los Vicarios apostólicos, pero ante la disparidad de opiniones no tomó ninguna decisión en. 1874

Algunas consideraciones sobre la potestad del Tribunal Colegial Diocesano según los Cánones 135 §3, 1609-1610

La potestad del tribunal colegial ha sido establecida con más claridad por el Código vigente, que ha introducido numerosas modificaciones sobre el proceso canónico. La potestad del juez o del tribunal colegial ha sido determinada por el c. 135, que establece el modo de ejercicio no delegable y distingue la sentencia de otros actos preparatorios, como son los decretos. Los actos más inmediatos a la emanación de la sentencia son la discusión de las conclusiones y el acuerdo sobre la parte dispositiva, adoptado por mayoría de votos, que deben ser recogidos por el texto de la sentencia redactado por el ponente. Este texto debe ser aprobado por cada uno de los jueces en una acción colegial por mayoría absoluta de votos, pero no por unanimidad, porque son libres. Si dicho texto no se aprueba, deberá ser modificado en aquello que causa el rechazo para conseguir la aprobación. Solamente con la aprobación de cada juez y alcanzada la mayoría absoluta de votos existe jurídicamente la sentencia.La potestad del tribunal colegial ha sido establecida con más claridad por el Código vigente, que ha introducido numerosas modificaciones sobre el proceso canónico. La potestad del juez o del tribunal colegial ha sido determinada por el c. 135, que establece el modo de ejercicio no delegable y distingue la sentencia de otros actos preparatorios, como son los decretos. Los actos más inmediatos a la emanación de la sentencia son la discusión de las conclusiones y el acuerdo sobre la parte dispositiva, adoptado por mayoría de votos, que deben ser recogidos por el texto de la sentencia redactado por el ponente. Este texto debe ser aprobado por cada uno de los jueces en una acción colegial por mayoría absoluta de votos, pero no por unanimidad, porque son libres. Si dicho texto no se aprueba, deberá ser modificado en aquello que causa el rechazo para conseguir la aprobación. Solamente con la aprobación de cada juez y alcanzada la mayoría absoluta de votos existe jurídicamente la sentencia.Derecho canónic

The impact of kaizen events on improving the performance of automotive components first tier suppliers

Purpose of this paper: The aim of this paper is to explore the possibility of improving production indicators by implementing Kaizen Events. The teams are composed of both managers and operators with the aim of developing and/or implementing improvements in a period of from 3 to 5 days. Methodology: The empirical research will consist of the description of the results obtained in 11 industrial companies from the automotive components industry In each of the companies, we have followed up different interventions over a 9-12 month period. Findings: We shall present the initial situation; the activities carried out by the company and the evolution of the manufacturing performance approximately three months after the activities are finished, as well as qualitative conclusions on the carrying out of the Kaizen Event. What is original/value of paper: There has been little empirical research to establish the degree of the improvement of productive indicators in companies advancing towards lean production. The paper tries to fill this gap

Comparison and Assessment of Two Emission inventories for the Madrid Region

Emission inventories are databases that aim to describe the polluting activities that occur across a certain geographic domain. According to the spatial scale, the availability of information will vary as well as the applied assumptions, which will strongly influence its quality, accuracy and representativeness. This study compared and contrasted two emission inventories describing the Greater Madrid Region (GMR) under an air quality simulation approach. The chosen inventories were the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and the Regional Emissions Inventory of the Greater Madrid Region (REI). Both of them were used to feed air quality simulations with the CMAQ modelling system, and the results were compared with observations from the air quality monitoring network in the modelled domain. Through the application of statistical tools, the analysis of emissions at cell level and cell – expansion procedures, it was observed that the National Inventory showed better results for describing on – road traffic activities and agriculture, SNAP07 and SNAP10. The accurate description of activities, the good characterization of the vehicle fleet and the correct use of traffic emission factors were the main causes of such a good correlation. On the other hand, the Regional Inventory showed better descriptions for non – industrial combustion (SNAP02) and industrial activities (SNAP03). It incorporated realistic emission factors, a reasonable fuel mix and it drew upon local information sources to describe these activities, while NEI relied on surrogation and national datasets which leaded to a poorer representation. Off – road transportation (SNAP08) was similarly described by both inventories, while the rest of the SNAP activities showed a marginal contribution to the overall emissions

Los libros electrónicos: la tercera ola de la revolución digital

After reference books and scientific journals, electronic books represent the next level of evolution in the digital revolution. Its presence in libraries and their level of knowledge on the part of users is still low. But the development of specific collections by the editors, the development of online distribution systems increasingly refining and improvements in portable reading devices (e-book readers) are causing a change in this situation, so being checked with a turnaround on the production and consumption of such documents