El protocolo en los libros de estilo de los medios de comunicación españoles Análisis de contenido comparado de los libros de estilo de El País, Abc, El Mundo, TVE, Agencia EFE, Radio Televisión de Madrid, El periódico de Catalunya, Grupo Vocento y La Voz de Galicia

La información que los nueve libros de estilo analizados en este artículo ofrecen sobre el protocolo y las disciplinas auxiliares es errónea, imprecisa y a menudo escasa. Estos manuales evidencian notables vacíos en aspectos jurídicos, el uso de los ‘tratamientos’, la estructura básica de las visitas de Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno a nuestro país o el orden que deben seguir las autoridades en un acto oficial celebrado en una comunidad. Por ello, resulta indispensable la unificación de criterios para ofrecer a la audiencia una información veraz.After checking nine media stylebooks, the author finds a lack of information related to protocol and other auxiliary subjects. The information available is not enough; therefore, it is necessary to obtain unified criteria that allow us to give quality information to the public

Relaciones entre irritabilidad neonatal y reacciones temperamentales hacia objetos físicos

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between neonatal irritability and temperamental reactions to physical objects. The sample comprised 53 full-tem infants, from middle-clam families, without any pre or post-natal complications. The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) (Brazelton, 1984) was administered to all infants at 4 days of life. Subsequently, ut three and six months of age, the infants were exposed to a variety of situations involving physical objects in order to examine the temperament at features they express. The results indicated a significant predictive relationship between neonatal irritability and infant's attentiveness and emotional tone, at three and six months of age, when faced with physical objects. These results are discussed in the light of present theoretical orientations on the topic.El propósito de la presente investigación ha sido estudiar la relación existente entre la irritabilidad neonutal y las reacciones temperamentales hacia objetos fisicos. Para ello se utilizó una muestra de 53 niños, nacidos a término, sin complicaciones pre ni posmatales y pertenecientes a un nivel socioeconómico medio. A estos bebés se les administró la Escala para la Evaluación del Comportamiento Neonatal (NBAS) (Brazelton, 1984) a los cuatro días de vida y, posteriormente, a los tres y seis meses de edad, fueron sometidos en el laboratorio a situaciones en las que se enfrentaban a objetos fisicos a fin de que expresaran sus características temperamentales. Los resultados indicaron que existe una relación predictiva significativa entre la irritabilidad neonatal y la atención y el tono emocional mostrado por los niños, tanto a los tres como a los seis meses de edad, en presencia de objetos fisicos. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de las investigaciones actuales sobre el tema

Crecimiento y composición bioquímica de la microalga marina Tetraselmis suecica en cultivos mixotróficos con distintos azúcares y aminoácidos

[Résumé] Croissance et composition biochimique de la microalgue TetrasellIIis sllecica dans des cultures mixotrophiques avec différents sucres et aminoacides. Trois sucres, fructose, saccharose et manose et trois acides aminés (alanyne, lysine et méthyonine) ont été testés comme stimulants potentiels de la croissance chez la microalgue Tetraselmis suecica. Celle-ci est cultivée en absence de bactéries et a une intensité de lumière de 850 lux. La croissance et la composition biochimique chez T. suecica sont affectées par les substrats organiques testés. Le fructose stimule la croissance mais les autres sucres et l'alanyne sont sans effet. La lysine et la méthyonine réduisent la croissance par rapport aux cultures servant de contrôle. La composition biochimique cellulaire dépend de la nature du substrat organique testé mais elle varie à peine en fonction de la concentration. Les cultures enrichies en sucres présentent les protéines cellulaires les plus abondantes, tandis que pour les cultures enrichies en acides aminés, les lipides sont plus abondants.[Abstract] Growth and biochemical composition of the marine microalga TetrasellIIis sllecica in mixotrophic cultures witf7 different sugars and amino acids. Three sugars (fructose, sucrose and mannose) and three amino acids (alanine, lysine, and methionine) have been tested as potential growth factors for the marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica, in axenic cultures, at 850 lux light intensity. The organic compounds assayed affected the growth and biochemical composition of T. suecica. Growth stimulation was achieved only in cultures added with fru ctose, whereas growth was not affected in the cultures with the remaining sugars and alanine. Growth was inhibited in the cultures added with lysine and methionine. Biochemical cellular composition was affected by the nature of the organic compound added, but not by the concentration used. Proteins were the main cellular constituent in the cultures carried out with sugars, while in those with amino acids the main cellular fraction was lipids.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; PB 87-049

β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E content of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta cultured with different nitrogen sources

Variations in the β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E content of D. tertiolecta have been shown to result from the nitrogen source used in the culture medium. Differences of 101%, 38% and 69% have been found in β-carotene, ascorbic acid and tocopherol content in mg/g of dry matter, respectively, and differences of 147%, 63% and 37% occurred in β-carotene, vitamin C and E concentrations in mg/litre of culture, respectively. Considering the β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E content in mg/g of chlorophyll a, maximum variations occurred in β-carotene content, with differences of 145% among the different nitrogen sources. Maximum β-carotene and vitamin C values were found in urea cultures, whereas urea cultures showed the minimum values for vitamin E. Variations in the β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E content of D. tertiolecta have been shown to result from the nitrogen source used in the culture medium. Differences of 101%, 38% and 69% have been found in β-carotene, ascorbic acid and tocopherol content in mg/g of dry matter, respectively, and differences of 147%, 63% and 37% occurred in β-carotene, vitamin C and E concentrations in mg/litre of culture, respectively. Considering the β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E content in mg/g of chlorophyll a, maximum variations occurred in β-carotene content, with differences of 145% among the different nitrogen sources. Maximum β-carotene and vitamin C values were found in urea cultures, whereas urea cultures showed the minimum values for vitamin E

Nutritional properties of four marine microalgae for albino rats

The nutritive value of the marine microalgaeTetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Dunaliella tertiolecta and Chlorella stigmatophora was studied in diets given to rats. Biological assays were carried out in order to determine the Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) and the Food Conversion Efficiency (FCE). Each dried microalga was fed to weaning Wistar albino rats as the sole protein source at a protein level of 12%. Control rats were given diets containing 12 % casein. Food consumption was similar in all groups. PER values obtained were 1.14 with T. suecica diet, 1.13 with I. galbana diet, 2.07 with D. tertiolecta diet and 1.13 with C. stigmatophora diet (casein, 2.50). FCE values followed a similar pattern. The data showed that the marine microalga D. tertiolecta is a source of protein of good quality. Its PER is quite high, compared to vegetable and cereal proteins, and compares favourably with other microbial protein sources, such as yeasts or different freshwater microalgae. Haematological tests showed no significant differences among the groups in haemoglobin levels, red and white blood cell counts, differential count and mean corpuscular volume. Different blood parameters were also determined and a significant decrease in triglycerides levels appeared with all the microalgal diets, whereas a significant decrease in cholesterol appeared in D. tertiolecta and C. stigmatophora diets

Biochemical composition and growth of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta (Butcher) with different ammonium nitrogen concentrations as chloride, sulphate, nitrate and carbonate.

Cultures of the marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta were grown in ammonium chloride, sulphate, nitrate and carbonate at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 16 mg.atom N/l. Cells were harvested in the stationary phase and cell density and biochemical composition determined. Biomass production at the end of the stationary phase, expressed as cell density, was affected by the concentration of ammonium-N in the medium but not by the ammonium compound used. Optimal growth conditions for obtaining maximum cell density, between 1.86×106 and 2.81×106 cells/ml, were 2, 4 and 8 mg.atom N/l. The compound and concentration of ammonium-N had little effect on the growth velocity of D. tertiolecta cultures in the logarithmic phase, with values of 0.35±0.06 doublings/day under all the conditions assayed. The ammonium compound and the concentration of nitrogen affected the concentration of different cellular constituents such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll a, although these changes were not necessarily related to cell density in the culture. Protein, the most affected fraction, tended to increase with an increase in the nitrogen concentration for all the ammonium compounds used. Maximum protein/ml was obtained with ammonium carbonate at all the nitrogen concentrations used. Maximum protein/cell occurred at the higher nitrogen concentrations (16 and 32 mg/atom N/l) for all the ammonium compounds. Considering the optimum growth interval (2-8 mg.atom N/l), maximum protein/cell concentrations were also obtained in the cultures with ammonium carbonate. Carbohydrate and lipid concentrations varied less than protein concentration. Maximum values of carbohydrate/ml were also found in the ammonium carbonate cultures. Maximum lipid/cell concentrations occurred at the lowest nitrogen concentrations, in contrast to protein values. As a percentage of the total organic matter, protein increased and lipid decreased with the nitrogen concentration, whereas carbohydrate remained constant. Consequently, lipid seemed to be the storage product in this marine microalga. Gross energy values in the different cultures were a function of nitrogen concentration, maximum differences occurring in the ammonium carbonate cultures. The biochemicalvariability of this microalga must have a marked effect on its value as a source of single-cell protein, as chemicals or as feed in mariculture

High yield mixotrophic cultures of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica (Kylin) Butcher (Prasinophyceae)

The effects of three organic compounds were tested on one of the most used marine micro-algae in the aquaculture of molluscs and crustaceans, Tetraselmis suecica. Studies were made in axenic conditions with yeast extract, peptone and glucose added to the culture medium, each alone, in combinations of two or all together. Medium without any organic compound was used for the control. Cultures containing yeast extract grew best, reaching maximum cell density of 3.79 × 106 and 3.84 × 106 cells ml−1. The organic carbon source affected the biochemical composition. The components most affected were the carbohydrates, with values between 6.5 pg cell−1 in control cultures and 48.5 pg cell−1 in glucose cultures. Protein content ranged between 27.5 pg cell−1 in control cultures and 88.6 pg cell−1in yeast + glucose + peptone cultures. The lipid content changed little. Maximum protein yields were reached in cultures with yeast + glucose and with yeast - glucose - peptone, with values of 24.6 and 28.2 mg 1−1 d−1, respectively. These values are 22 and 25 times those in control cultures. A maximum carbohydrate yield of 7.9 mg carbohydrate per litre per day was obtained in yeast + glucose + peptone cultures, 27 times that in the control cultures. The maximum lipid yield was obtained with yeast + glucose + peptone and yeast + glucose. Maximum energy values were 308 kcal 1− in yeast extract - glucose - peptone cultures and 279 kcal 1−1 in yeast extract + glucose cultures. Gross energy values in control cultures were 24.5 kcal 1−1, but peptone cultures presented the minimum energy value, 22 kcal 1−1. The yeast extract: glucose ratio in the culture medium was optimized. A ratio 2:1 produced the best yields in cells, protein, carbohydrate and gross energy.Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica; PB 87-049

Flood Risk Analysis and Assessment, Applications and Uncertainties: A Bibliometric Review

Studies looking at flood risk analysis and assessment (FRA) reviews are not customary, and they usually approach to methodological and spatial scale issues, uncertainty, mapping or economic damage topics. However, most of these reviews provide a snapshot of the scientific state of the art of FRA that shows only a partial view, focused on a limited number of selected methods and approaches. In this paper, we apply a bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science (WoS) database to assess the historic evolution and future prospects (emerging fields of application) of FRA. The scientific production of FRA has increased considerably in the past decade. At the beginning, US researchers dominated the field, but now they have been overtaken by the Chinese. The Netherlands and Germany may be highlighted for their more complete analyses and assessments (e.g., including an uncertainty analysis of FRA results), and this can be related to the presence of competitive research groups focused on FRA. Regarding FRA fields of application, resilience analysis shows some growth in recent years while land planning, risk perception and risk warning show a slight decrease in the number of papers published. Global warming appears to dominate part of future FRA production, which affects both fluvial and coastal floods. This, together with the improvement of economic evaluation and psycho-social analysis, appear to be the main trends for the future evolution of FRA. Finally, we cannot ignore the increase in analysis using big data analysis, machine learning techniques, and remote sensing data (particularly in the case of UAV sensors data)

Características temperamentales y diferenciación entre objetos físicos y sociales en niños de tres y seis meses de edad

The aim of this study was to investigate the links between temperament features and the distinction between the social object and the physical object. A sample of 60 full-term infants, without pre and post-natal complications, from middle-class socioeconomic backgrounds was studied. The infants, at three and six months of age, were exposed to diferent situations involving both social and physical objects in which they could express their temperament features. The results indicated that the infants' reactions to physical objects and social objects were different in the dimensions of attention, activity, emtional tone and vocalizations, while the differences were not significant at 3 months in the dimensions of attention and emtional tone. These results are discussed in the light of present theoretical research in the area.El propósito de la presente investigación ha sido estudiar los vínculos existentes entre las variables temperamentales y la distinción objeto social-objeto fisico. La muestra constaba de 60 niños, nacidos a término, sin complicaciones pre ni postnatales y pertenecientes a un nivel socioeconómico medio. Los niños, a los tres y seis meses de edad, fueron sometidos en el laboratorio a situaciones en las que se enfrentaban a objetos físicos y sociales a fin de que expresaran sus características temperamentales. Los resultados indicaron que los niños reaccionaron de modo diferente ante los objetos fisicos y los objetos sociales en las dimensiones de atención, actividad, tono emocional y vocalizaciones, si bien en las dimensiones de atención y tono emocional las diferencias no fueron significativas a los tres meses de edad. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de las investigaciones actuales sobre el tema