LA POSICIÓN DE SUJETO EN EL DERECHO DE AUTOR

La propiedad intelectual no presenta ninguna utilidad social ni económica. Eso sostiene algún grupo actualmente en relación con dicha institución.El presente documento aborda la justificación deontológica de la propiedad intelectual para defender y sustentar una afirmación contraria a la inicial. En primer lugar, desde John Locke se presentará la nada pacífica situación del sujeto creador, posteriormente la tensión entre éste y los sujetos que usan o se sirven del bien creado. El propósito de este texto es presentar una caracterización de los principales elementos a tener en cuenta desde una posición de sujeto que permita contribuir a la discusión actual en relación con la crisis de los fundamentos de la propiedad intelectual

Estratificación del riesgo de transmisión malárica en la región Caribe colombiana.

Objective: Determine the malaria risk transmission in Colombian Caribbean. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective observational study was conducted in 167 municipalities Colombian Caribbean between 2010-2019. The municipalities were classified as: S4: Municipalities with native cases of active and residual foci; S3: Receptive, without native cases, and with risk importation of parasite; S2: Receptive without transmission and low vulnerability; S1: Non-receptive located above 1.600 meters above sea level in which there is no proven risk transmission, according to criteria proposed by PAHO. Results: The municipalities classified as S4 were 5 % (8): seven in Bolívar and one in La Guajira department. The municipalities classified as S3 were 72,4% (121) and S4 were 22,8% (38). The accumulated burden of cases in the region was 23.285 cases, with a predominance of Plasmodium vivax, and 80,8% (18.804 cases) of the burden was registered in municipalities S4. Conclusions: The Colombian Caribbean evidence endemic-epidemic transmission, focal and dispersed, variable and of very low intensity. There are two active foci of indigenous transmission in southern Bolivar and rural areas of Riohacha, La Guajira.Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de transmisión malárica en la región Caribe colombiana. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo y retrospectivo en 167 municipios de la región entre los años 2010-2019. Se clasificaron los municipios como: E4: aquellos con casos autóctonos de focos activos y residuales; E3: receptivos, sin casos autóctonos, y con riesgo de importación del parásito; E2: receptivos sin transmisión y baja vulnerabilidad; E1: no receptivos ubicados por encima de los 1.600 msnm donde no existe riesgo comprobado de transmisión; acorde a la metodología de estratificación de la OPS (2019) Resultados: El 5% (8) de los municipios se clasificaron como E4, siete en el departamento de Bolívar y  uno en La Guajira. El 72,4% (121) de los municipios se clasificaron E3 y el 22,8% (38) como E2. La carga acumulada de casos en la región fue de 23.285 casos, con predominio de Plasmodium vivax, y el 80,8% (18.804 casos) de la carga se registró en los municipios E4. Conclusiones: La región Caribe colombiana evidencia transmisión endemo-epidémica, focal y dispersa, variable y de muy baja intensidad. Existen dos focos de transmisión autóctona activa en el sur de Bolívar y el área rural de Riohacha, La Guajira

Challenges for Colombia related with the Internet Service Provider and Copyright

From an analysis about the way adopted by two of the leaders on the regulation of ISP liability related with copyright infringement, and also, presenting the general structure that support internet services, and de subjects that interact in that environment, the article present some analysis issues leading to the possible adoption of a legal system that rules the limitation on liability from copyright infringement to ISPs. The above mentioned legal system may be or maybe not the result of the approval and later adequacy of the FTA between US and ColombiaMediante un análisis de la manera en que los dos sistemas jurídicos que han regulado la responsabilidad de los Proveedores de Servicios de Internet, denominados en adelante ISP, en relación con las infracciones al derecho de autor, así como de la presentación de la estructura general en la que se soportan los servicios de internet y los sujetos que interactúan en estos, son sugeridos algunos elementos de análisis con respecto a la adopción de un sistema de limitación de la responsabilidad de los ISP en Colombia. El sistema mencionado podría derivarse de la adopción y adecuación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Colombi

Determinación de riesgo musculo esquelético en trabajadores de una Empresa de Transporte de carga pesada, Lima, Perú 2020

Los trastornos musculo esqueléticos es la principal causa de discapacidad en el mundo, es conveniente que todo puesto de trabajo tenga una evaluación ergonómica. Este trabajo utiliza el cuestionario nórdico y expone los métodos de evaluación postural más utilizados, y la aplicación de los métodos “Rapid Office Strain Assessment” (ROSA) y “Rapid Entire Body Assessment” (REBA) en una empresa del sector de transporte de carga pesada, para evaluación y mejora del puesto de trabajo. Esta investigación busca determinar los riesgos musculo esqueléticos de los trabajadores de Empresa de Transporte M&J CORPORATION.P SRL. De los 25 trabajadores, según el Cuestionario Nórdico el 37.5 % presenta síntomas de TME en la zona lumbar, la evaluación postural en los administrativos revela que el auxiliar de ventas presenta un riesgo muy alto (7 puntos), los operativos el mecánico, chofer y auxiliar de limpieza presenta un riesgo medio (5 puntos). Tras el análisis realizado las malas posturas generan dolor lumbar y de cuello, factores asociados a los TME.LIMAEscuela Profesional de Ingeniería AmbientalHigiene y Salud Ocupaciona

Geolashon (Teloschistes flavicans), a natural yellow dye from the Peruvian Andes: traditional uses, bioactive extraction, and potential applications

Recently, interest in studying pigments from lichens has been aroused due to their bioactive properties and health benefits. The Geolashon (Teloschistes flavicans) is a thousand-year-old lichen from the Peruvian Andes characterized by its yellow filaments, traditionally used by the Peruvian inhabitants as a natural pigment for making handicrafts and medicinal purposes. In this sense, this article aims to compile all the studies on Geolashon as a source of natural yellow pigments, starting from its importance and applications by the Andean population to research on obtaining, characterizing, and properties of its extracts. Although studies on this lichen are limited, it was observed that the obtained from lichen are rich in 3-[1’-(2”,3”-dihydroxy-phenyl)-propyl]-7-hydroxy- chroman-4-one, vicanicin, parietin, other compounds and has antidiabetic, antibacterial, antileukemic, antimicrobial, anticancer and termiticide activity that would be interesting for use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural industries, generating added value in the final product. Aspects such as processing, functional properties, and toxicology of the bioactive components of Geolashon must be studied for its correct use

Prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation in the Latin American adult population: the PLATINO study

Background: the PLATINO project was launched in 2002 in order to study the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Latin America. Because smoking is the main risk factor for COPD, detailed data on it were obtained. the aim of this paper was to evaluate the prevalence of smoking and incidence of initiation among middle-aged and older adults (40 years or older). Special emphasis was given to the association between smoking and schooling.Methods: PLATINO is a multicenter study comprising five cross-sectional population-based surveys of approximately 1,000 individuals per site in São Paulo (Brazil), Santiago (Chile), Mexico City (Mexico), Montevideo (Uruguay) and Caracas (Venezuela). the outcome variable was smoking status (never, former or current). Current smokers were those who reported to smoke within the previous 30 days. Former smokers were those who reported to quit smoking more than 30 days before the survey. Using information on year of birth and age of smoking onset and quitting, a retrospective cohort analysis was carried out. Smoking prevalence at each period was defined as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period plus those who were already smokers at the beginning of the period, divided by the total number of subjects. Incidence of smoking initiation was calculated as the number of subjects who started to smoke during the period divided by the number of non-smokers at its beginning. the independent variables included were sex, age and schooling.Results: Non-response rates ranged from 11.1% to 26.8%. the prevalence of smoking ranged from 23.9% (95% CI 21.3; 26.6) in São Paulo to 38.5% (95% CI 35.7; 41.2) in Santiago. Males and middle-aged adults were more likely to smoke in all sites. After adjustment for age, schooling was not associated with smoking. Using retrospective cohort analysis, it was possible to detect that the highest prevalence of smoking is found between 20-29 years, while the highest incidence is found between 10-19 years. Age of smoking onset tended to decline over time among females.Conclusion: the prevalence of smoking varied considerably across sites, but was lower among countries with national anti-smoking campaigns.Univ Fed Pelotas, Pelotas, BrazilUniv Republica, Montevideo, UruguayInst Nacl Enfermedades Resp, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Santiago, ChileCent Univ Venezuela, Caracas, VenezuelaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Infection and coinfection by human papillomavirus, Epstein–Barr virus and Merkel cell polyomavirus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: a retrospective study

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as an important risk factor for laryngeal carcinogenesis. Although HPV-16 and 18 have been strongly implicated, the presence of other high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes or the coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPV) may increase the risk, but their etiological association has not been definitively established. Methods We characterized the genotype-specific HPV and the frequency of EBV and MCPV infections through the detection of their DNA in 195 laryngeal specimens of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) histologically confirmed. Results HPV DNA was detected in 93 (47.7%) specimens. HPV-11 was the most frequent with 68 cases (73.1%), and HPV-52 was the most frequently HR-HPV found with 51 cases, which corresponds to 54.8% of all HPV-positive specimens. EBV DNA was detected in 54 (27.7%) tumor tissue specimens of which 25 (46.3%) were in coinfection with HPV. MCPV DNA was detected only in 11 (5.6%) cases of which 5 (45.4%) were in coinfection with an HR-HPV. No association between the presence of DNA of the three examined viruses and the patient smoking habits, alcohol consumption, age, the keratinization status, differentiation grade, or localization of the tumor in the larynx were found. Discussion HPV-52 was the most prevalent HR-HPV, which may suggest that this and other genotypes in addition to HPV-16 and 18 could be considered for prophylaxis. However, further studies including non-cancer larynx cases and the evaluation of other molecular markers and viral co-infection mechanisms are needed to determine the role of the different HR-HPV genotypes, EBV, and MCPV in the etiology of SCC of the larynx

5to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

El V Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2019, realizado del 6 al 8 de febrero de 2019 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, ofreció a la comunidad académica nacional e internacional una plataforma de comunicación unificada, dirigida a cubrir los problemas teóricos y prácticos de mayor impacto en la sociedad moderna desde la ingeniería. En esta edición, dedicada a los 25 años de vida de la UPS, los ejes temáticos estuvieron relacionados con la aplicación de la ciencia, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación en cinco pilares fundamentales de nuestra sociedad: la industria, la movilidad, la sostenibilidad ambiental, la información y las telecomunicaciones. El comité científico estuvo conformado formado por 48 investigadores procedentes de diez países: España, Reino Unido, Italia, Bélgica, México, Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Estados Unidos y Ecuador. Fueron recibidas un centenar de contribuciones, de las cuales 39 fueron aprobadas en forma de ponencias y 15 en formato poster. Estas contribuciones fueron presentadas de forma oral ante toda la comunidad académica que se dio cita en el Congreso, quienes desde el aula magna, el auditorio y la sala de usos múltiples de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, cumplieron respetuosamente la responsabilidad de representar a toda la sociedad en la revisión, aceptación y validación del conocimiento nuevo que fue presentado en cada exposición por los investigadores. Paralelo a las sesiones técnicas, el Congreso contó con espacios de presentación de posters científicos y cinco workshops en temáticas de vanguardia que cautivaron la atención de nuestros docentes y estudiantes. También en el marco del evento se impartieron un total de ocho conferencias magistrales en temas tan actuales como la gestión del conocimiento en la universidad-ecosistema, los retos y oportunidades de la industria 4.0, los avances de la investigación básica y aplicada en mecatrónica para el estudio de robots de nueva generación, la optimización en ingeniería con técnicas multi-objetivo, el desarrollo de las redes avanzadas en Latinoamérica y los mundos, la contaminación del aire debido al tránsito vehicular, el radón y los riesgos que representa este gas radiactivo para la salud humana, entre otros

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an