P2X2 Dominant Deafness Mutations Have No Negative Effect on Wild-Type Isoform: Implications for Functional Rescue and in Deafness Mechanism

The P2X2 receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel, assembled by three subunits. Recently, it has been found that heterozygous mutations of P2X2 V60L and G353R can cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The fact that heterozygous mutations cause deafness suggests that the mutations may have dominant-negative effect (DNE) on wild-type (WT) P2X2 isoforms and/or other partners leading to hearing loss. In this study, the effect of these dominant deafness P2X2 mutations on WT P2X2 was investigated. We found that sole transfection of both V60L and G353R deafness mutants could efficiently target to the plasma membrane, like WT P2X2, but exhibit a significantly reduced response to ATP stimulation. Both mutants reduced the channel conductance, but G353R mutation also altered the voltage dependency. Co-expression with WT P2X2 could restore the response to ATP. As the ratio of WT P2X2 vs. mutants increased, the response to ATP was also increased. Computer modeling confirmed that both V60L and G353R dominant-deafness mutant subunits do not have any negative effect on WT P2X2 subunit, when assembled as a heterotrimer. Improper docking or defective gating is the more likely mechanism for impaired channel function by these P2X2 deafness mutations. These results suggest that P2X2 dominant deafness mutations do not have negative effects on WT P2X2 isoforms, and that adding additional WT P2X2 could rescue the lost channel function caused by the deafness mutations. These P2X2 dominant deafness mutations may have negative-effects on other partners leading to hearing loss

New Insights Into Permeation of Large Cations Through ATP-Gated P2X Receptors

The permeability of large cations through the P2X pore has remained arguably the most controversial and complicated topic in P2X-related research, with the emergence of conflicting studies on the existence, mechanism and physiological relevance of a so-called “dilated” state. Due to the important role of several “dilating” P2X subtypes in numerous diseases, a clear and detailed understanding of this phenomenon represents a research priority. Recent advances, however, have challenged the existence of a progressive, ATP-induced pore dilation, by demonstrating that this phenomenon is an artifact of the method employed. Here, we discuss briefly the history of this controversial and enigmatic dilated state, from its initial discovery to its recent reconsideration. We will discuss the literature in which mechanistic pathways to a large cation-permeable state are proposed, as well as important advances in the methodology employed to study this elusive state. Considering recent literature, we will also open the discussion as to whether an intrinsically dilating P2X pore exists, as well as the physiological relevance of such a large cation-permeable pore and its potential use as therapeutic pathway

Mechanistic study of P2X receptors by photoisomerisable molecules

Les récepteurs P2X, activés par l’ATP extracellulaire et cations non-sélectifs, sont impliqués dans de nombreux rôles physiopathologiques. Le manque de sélectivité de molécules pharmacologiques est un inconvénient majeur pour leur étude. La résolution de leurs structures cristallographiques a permis de les comprendre à l’échelle moléculaire, cependant les mécanismes impliqués dans les transitions allostériques restent mal compris. Au laboratoire, deux outils, dérivés d’azobenzène, permettant l’activation des récepteurs P2X en absence d’ATP et par la lumière ont été développés. L’utilisation de ces outils ont permis l’étude de la transition allostérique de l’état ouvert à l’état désensibilisé, mettant en avant une zone de régulation efficace dans les espaces transmembranaires. De plus, leur utilisation a permis l’investigation biophysique d’une mutation présente sur P2X2 humain, responsable d’une surdité non-syndromatique. Cette mutation entraine un rétrécissement du pore, impactant le passage de gros cations impliqués dans le processus d’audition. Enfin, la relation entre le diamètre du pore ionique et le passage de gros cations a été établi.P2X receptors, activated by extracellular ATP and non-selective cations, are involved in many physiopathological roles. The lack of selectivity of pharmacological molecules is a major drawback for their study. The resolution of their crystallographic structures provided a molecular framework, but the mechanisms involved in allosteric transitions remain misunderstood. In the laboratory, two tools have been developed, derived from azobenzene, allowing the activation of P2X receptors in the absence of ATP and by light. The use of these tools allowed the study of the allosteric transition from the open to the desensitized state, highlighting an effective regulatory zone in transmembrane spaces. In addition, their use provided the biophysical investigation of a mutation present on hP2X2, responsible for non-syndromatic hearing loss. This mutation leads to a narrowing of the pore, affecting the large cations flow involved in hearing process. Finally, the relationship between the diameter of the ionic pore and the passage of large cations has been established

Mechanistic study of P2X receptors by photoisomerisable molecules

Les récepteurs P2X, activés par l’ATP extracellulaire et cations non-sélectifs, sont impliqués dans de nombreux rôles physiopathologiques. Le manque de sélectivité de molécules pharmacologiques est un inconvénient majeur pour leur étude. La résolution de leurs structures cristallographiques a permis de les comprendre à l’échelle moléculaire, cependant les mécanismes impliqués dans les transitions allostériques restent mal compris. Au laboratoire, deux outils, dérivés d’azobenzène, permettant l’activation des récepteurs P2X en absence d’ATP et par la lumière ont été développés. L’utilisation de ces outils ont permis l’étude de la transition allostérique de l’état ouvert à l’état désensibilisé, mettant en avant une zone de régulation efficace dans les espaces transmembranaires. De plus, leur utilisation a permis l’investigation biophysique d’une mutation présente sur P2X2 humain, responsable d’une surdité non-syndromatique. Cette mutation entraine un rétrécissement du pore, impactant le passage de gros cations impliqués dans le processus d’audition. Enfin, la relation entre le diamètre du pore ionique et le passage de gros cations a été établi.P2X receptors, activated by extracellular ATP and non-selective cations, are involved in many physiopathological roles. The lack of selectivity of pharmacological molecules is a major drawback for their study. The resolution of their crystallographic structures provided a molecular framework, but the mechanisms involved in allosteric transitions remain misunderstood. In the laboratory, two tools have been developed, derived from azobenzene, allowing the activation of P2X receptors in the absence of ATP and by light. The use of these tools allowed the study of the allosteric transition from the open to the desensitized state, highlighting an effective regulatory zone in transmembrane spaces. In addition, their use provided the biophysical investigation of a mutation present on hP2X2, responsible for non-syndromatic hearing loss. This mutation leads to a narrowing of the pore, affecting the large cations flow involved in hearing process. Finally, the relationship between the diameter of the ionic pore and the passage of large cations has been established

Etude mécanistique des récepteurs P2X par l'utilisation de molécules photoisomérisables

P2X receptors, activated by extracellular ATP and non-selective cations, are involved in many physiopathological roles. The lack of selectivity of pharmacological molecules is a major drawback for their study. The resolution of their crystallographic structures provided a molecular framework, but the mechanisms involved in allosteric transitions remain misunderstood. In the laboratory, two tools have been developed, derived from azobenzene, allowing the activation of P2X receptors in the absence of ATP and by light. The use of these tools allowed the study of the allosteric transition from the open to the desensitized state, highlighting an effective regulatory zone in transmembrane spaces. In addition, their use provided the biophysical investigation of a mutation present on hP2X2, responsible for non-syndromatic hearing loss. This mutation leads to a narrowing of the pore, affecting the large cations flow involved in hearing process. Finally, the relationship between the diameter of the ionic pore and the passage of large cations has been established.Les récepteurs P2X, activés par l’ATP extracellulaire et cations non-sélectifs, sont impliqués dans de nombreux rôles physiopathologiques. Le manque de sélectivité de molécules pharmacologiques est un inconvénient majeur pour leur étude. La résolution de leurs structures cristallographiques a permis de les comprendre à l’échelle moléculaire, cependant les mécanismes impliqués dans les transitions allostériques restent mal compris. Au laboratoire, deux outils, dérivés d’azobenzène, permettant l’activation des récepteurs P2X en absence d’ATP et par la lumière ont été développés. L’utilisation de ces outils ont permis l’étude de la transition allostérique de l’état ouvert à l’état désensibilisé, mettant en avant une zone de régulation efficace dans les espaces transmembranaires. De plus, leur utilisation a permis l’investigation biophysique d’une mutation présente sur P2X2 humain, responsable d’une surdité non-syndromatique. Cette mutation entraine un rétrécissement du pore, impactant le passage de gros cations impliqués dans le processus d’audition. Enfin, la relation entre le diamètre du pore ionique et le passage de gros cations a été établi

P2X2 Dominant Deafness Mutations Have No Negative Effect on Wild-Type Isoform: Implications for Functional Rescue and in Deafness Mechanism

The P2X2 receptor is an ATP-gated ion channel, assembled by three subunits. Recently, it has been found that heterozygous mutations of P2X2 V60L and G353R can cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The fact that heterozygous mutations cause deafness suggests that the mutations may have dominant-negative effect (DNE) on wild-type (WT) P2X2 isoforms and/or other partners leading to hearing loss. In this study, the effect of these dominant deafness P2X2 mutations on WT P2X2 was investigated. We found that sole transfection of both V60L and G353R deafness mutants could efficiently target to the plasma membrane, like WT P2X2, but exhibit a significantly reduced response to ATP stimulation. Both mutants reduced the channel conductance, but G353R mutation also altered the voltage dependency. Co-expression with WT P2X2 could restore the response to ATP. As the ratio of WT P2X2 vs. mutants increased, the response to ATP was also increased. Computer modeling confirmed that both V60L and G353R dominant-deafness mutant subunits do not have any negative effect on WT P2X2 subunit, when assembled as a heterotrimer. Improper docking or defective gating is the more likely mechanism for impaired channel function by these P2X2 deafness mutations. These results suggest that P2X2 dominant deafness mutations do not have negative effects on WT P2X2 isoforms, and that adding additional WT P2X2 could rescue the lost channel function caused by the deafness mutations. These P2X2 dominant deafness mutations may have negative-effects on other partners leading to hearing loss

P2X-GCaMPs as Versatile Tools for Imaging Extracellular ATP Signaling

International audienceATP is an extracellular signaling molecule involved in numerous physiological and pathologic processes. However, in situ characterization of the spatiotemporal dynamic of extracellular ATP is still challenging because of the lack of sensor with appropriate specificity, sensitivity, and kinetics. Here, we report the development of biosensors based on the fusion of cation permeable ATP receptors (P2X) to genetically encoded calcium sensors [genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI)]. By combining the features of P2X receptors with the high signal-to-noise ratio of GECIs, we generated ultrasensitive green and red fluorescent sniffers that detect nanomolar ATP concentrations in situ and also enable the tracking of P2X receptor activity. We provide the proof of concept that these sensors can dynamically track ATP release evoked by depolarization in mouse neurons or by extracellular hypotonicity. Targeting these P2X-based biosensors to diverse cell types should advance our knowledge of extracellular ATP dynamics in vivo