10 research outputs found

    PESFOR-W: Improving the design and environmental effectiveness of woodlands for water Payments for Ecosystem Services

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    ABSTRACT: The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe?s water bodies to ?good ecological status? by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers. New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions - including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forestscarbon policy nexus

    Forests for Drinking Water – Will Water Pay?

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    Faced with water quality issues in some agricultural areas, forests are considered valuable for the production of drinking water. Furthermore, foresters can enhance the protection of water resources — an excellent example of environmental service. Can the protection of drinking water be considered a full-fledged forestry activity? The purpose of this article is to review the development potential for foresters arising from this service, based on work conducted in private forests. Examining different aspects of services provided by forests, the article describes several methods for economic evaluation depending on whether the focus is simply on the role played by the existence of forests, forestry activities in favour of water or the naturalness of forest-sourced water. To develop water protection services by forests, the CNPF-IDF [National Forestry Centre/Forestry Development Institute] leads a working group on legal issues, whose goal is to devise and test a standard contract between foresters and freshwater utilities.Face aux problĂšmes de qualitĂ© de l’eau dans certaines zones agricoles, les forĂȘts sont recherchĂ©es pour la production d’eau potable. De plus, les forestiers peuvent renforcer la protection de la ressource en eau : un trĂšs bon exemple de service environnemental. La protection de l’eau potable, une activitĂ© forestiĂšre Ă  part entiĂšre ? L’objectif de cet article est de faire le point sur son potentiel de dĂ©veloppement pour les forestiers, en partant des travaux menĂ©s par la forĂȘt privĂ©e. À partir de diffĂ©rents aspects des services rendus par les forĂȘts, l’article prĂ©sente plusieurs mĂ©thodes d’évaluation Ă©conomique : selon que l’on s’attache au simple rĂŽle d’existence des forĂȘts, aux actions forestiĂšres pour l’eau ou au caractĂšre naturel de l’eau d’origine forestiĂšre. Afin de dĂ©velopper en forĂȘt les services de protection d’eau, le CNPF-IDF anime un groupe de travail juridique, dont l’objecti

    Quality Forest Water - How Can We Impact Quantities Produced?

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    Forests have a key influence on the water cycle through properties related to their structure, in particular the development of the canopy and of root systems. Any examination of forests as suppliers of water must consider the following two elements: — overall, the more productive the forest, the greater its water consumption, which accordingly reduces drainage flow. In other words, there is a trade-off between biomass production and the amount of water returned to the environment; — water drained under forest canopies to streams, springs or the water table is generally of good quality. A self-evidence worth remembering is that quality and quantity of water cannot be dissociated: the service of “quality water” implies availability of sufficient quantities over time. Knowledge and management of forest-sourced water are based on knowledge of the water balance and its variations in space and time. This article discusses the various causes of variations in water balance connected with climate, soil conditions, forest species, silvicultural practices, all of which have an impact on the amount of water drained. It also provides some comparisons with other major vegetation types. To answer the question of how to quantitatively assess the amount of water supplied by forests and how to modulate that quantity by management, we implemented a modelling approach that uses a water balance model with a daily time step. Using site-specific parameters and meteorological data, the model simulates the flow from actual evapotranspiration, rainwater at ground level, the water content of the soil and drainage. Two forest sites were selected for the study described in this article. These are forests in eastern France with contrasting rainfall patterns for which we simulated, under current climate conditions, the effect on the volume of water drained of five different silvicultural scenarios.Les forĂȘts exercent une action dĂ©terminante sur le cycle de l’eau, au travers de propriĂ©tĂ©s liĂ©es Ă  leur structure, en particulier le dĂ©veloppement des couverts et des systĂšmes racinaires. Si l’on s’intĂ©resse au service de fourniture d’eau par les forĂȘts, il faut considĂ©rer les deux Ă©lĂ©ments suivants : — globalement, plus la productivitĂ© d’une forĂȘt est Ă©levĂ©e, plus sa consommation en eau le sera et diminuera d’autant le flux de drainage. En d’autres termes, il existe un compromis entre la production en biomasse et la restitution d’eau au milieu ; — l’eau drainĂ©e sous couvert forestier vers les cours d’eau, les sources ou les nappes, est en rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale de bonne qualitĂ©. Une Ă©vidence qu’il est bon de rappeler est que qualitĂ© et quantitĂ© d’eau ne doivent pas ĂȘtre dissociĂ©es, le service « eau de qualitĂ© » sous-entend de disposer de quantitĂ©s suffisantes et dans la durĂ©e. La connaissance et la gestion de cette eau « forestiĂšre » sont basĂ©es sur celle du bilan hydrique et de ses variations spatio-temporelles. Cet article traite des diffĂ©rentes sources de variation du bilan hydrique liĂ©es au climat, aux conditions Ă©daphiques, Ă  l’espĂšce, Ă  la sylviculture, variations qui ont toutes un impact sur les quantitĂ©s d’eau drainĂ©e. Il fournit aussi quelques comparaisons avec les autres grands types de vĂ©gĂ©tations. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  la question de l’évaluation quantitative de la fourniture d’eau forestiĂšre et de sa modulation par la gestion, nous avons mis en oeuvre une approche de modĂ©lisation, utilisant un modĂšle de bilan hydrique au pas de temps journalier. À partir de paramĂštres propres au site et de donnĂ©es mĂ©tĂ©orologiques, ce modĂšle simule les flux d’évapotranspiration rĂ©elle, la pluie au sol, la teneur en eau du sol et le drainage. Deux sites forestiers ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour rĂ©aliser l’étude dĂ©crite dans cet article. Il s’agit de massifs forestiers de l’Est de la France, Ă  rĂ©gimes pluviomĂ©triques contrastĂ©s, pour lesquels nous avons simulĂ©, en situation de climat actuel, l’effet de cinq scĂ©narios sylvicoles sur les volumes d’eau drainĂ©s

    MAJOR CHALLENGES AND PROPOSALS FOR HARMONIOUS MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF WATER AND WOOD RESOURCES

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    Among the various environmental functions exercised by forests, protection of water resources deserves special attention to which several recent projects have contributed. Because forest cover is continuous, the intense biological activity of forest soils, silvicultural practices involving few chemical inputs, the water coming from forest-covered watersheds is of higher quality than that coming from other types of land use and at a low cost. Forestry activities may however generate localised or diffuse contaminations that should be prevented for which technical solutions are well known. However, procedures concerning the protection of catchment areas prove difficult to implement. Another financial incentive based on contract is currently being investigated. In quantitative terms, forests very significantly influence rainfall patterns, with two antagonistic effects: indeed, the forests reduces run-off and are conducive to water seepage into the aquifers, but they nonetheless intercept and transpire a significant portion of that rainfall. Depending on the architecture of forests and catchment areas, the overall quantitative balance, compared to other types of land uses, may be a surplus or a deficit in terms of the water resource. The digital modelling tool developed under the LIFE+ SEMEAU project provides a means of measuring this quantitative role of forests together with some qualitative effects (nitrates). This integrated approach has enable the SociĂ©tĂ© des Eaux de Volvic to supplement its water protection policy in partnership with all the forest players in the catchment area. This project opens up prospects for technical improvement of “hydrological productivity” of forests. In areas subjected to heavy demographic or climatic pressures, this opportunity for mitigating tensions relating to the water resource is an additional goal for forest management. In this regard, it is desirable to review the funding mechanisms for water management so as to move them away from the generally curative measures and more towards the virtuous promotion of environmental amenitiesParmi les diverses fonctions environnementales exercĂ©es par la forĂȘt, la protection de la ressource en eau mĂ©rite une attention particuliĂšre, que plusieurs projets rĂ©cents ont permis de nourrir. GrĂące Ă  la pĂ©rennitĂ© du couvert, la forte activitĂ© biologique des sols forestiers, des pratiques sylvicoles peu consommatrices d’intrants chimiques, l’eau issue des bassins versants forestiers prĂ©sente, Ă  faible coĂ»t, une qualitĂ© supĂ©rieure Ă  celle des autres types d’occupation du sol. L’activitĂ© forestiĂšre peut nĂ©anmoins gĂ©nĂ©rer des contaminations ponctuelles ou diffuses qu’il convient de prĂ©venir. Les solutions techniques sont maĂźtrisĂ©es. En revanche, les procĂ©dures de protection des pĂ©rimĂštres de captage se rĂ©vĂšlent difficilement applicables. Une autre forme de dispositif financier basĂ© sur la contractualisation est actuellement Ă  l’étude. Sous l’angle quantitatif, la forĂȘt influence trĂšs significativement le devenir des pluies, avec deux effets antagonistes : certes la forĂȘt rĂ©duit le ruissellement et favorise l’infiltration des eaux vers les aquifĂšres, mais encore elle intercepte et transpire une part significative des prĂ©cipitations. Selon les configurations forestiĂšres et celles des bassins versants, le bilan global quantitatif, par rapport Ă  d’autres types d’occupation du sol, peut ĂȘtre excĂ©dentaire ou dĂ©ficitaire en termes de ressource en eau. L’outil de modĂ©lisation numĂ©rique dĂ©veloppĂ© dans le cadre du projet LIFE+ SEMEAU permet de quantifier ce rĂŽle hydrologique quantitatif de la forĂȘt, ainsi que certains effets qualitatifs (nitrates). Cette dĂ©marche intĂ©grative a permis Ă  la SociĂ©tĂ© des Eaux de Volvic de complĂ©ter sa politique de protection des eaux en y associant tous les acteurs forestiers du bassin versant. Ce projet ouvre des perspectives techniques pour amĂ©liorer la « productivitĂ© hydrologique » forestiĂšre. Dans les zones sous forte tension dĂ©mographique ou climatique, cette opportunitĂ© d’attĂ©nuation des tensions liĂ©es Ă  la ressource en eau donnera Ă  la gestion forestiĂšre une finalitĂ© complĂ©mentaire. Pour cela, il conviendra de rĂ©viser les modalitĂ©s de financement de la gestion de l’eau en la rĂ©orientant, de prioritĂ©s trop exclusivement curatives, vers une promotion vertueuse des amĂ©nitĂ©

    Bilan Scientifique du Laboratoire d'Economie FroestiĂšre - 2003-2007

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    The Laboratory of Forestry economics (LEF) was created in 2000 as a joint research unit of the French Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) and the National Institute of Agronomic research (INRA). The mission of the LEF is to conceive, develop, and transfer methods and tools of economic analysis to improve the management of the goods, services and products of the forest and the forestry sector. The aim of this issue of the “Cahiers du LEF” is to present the results of the researchs of the forest economics laobratory between 2003 and 2007.Forest economics, Research

    Bilan scientifique du Laboratoire d'Economie ForestiĂšre : 2003-2007

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    Cahier du LEF ; 2008-01The Laboratory of Forestry economics (LEF) was created in 2000 as a joint research unit of the French Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) and the National Institute ofAgronomic research (INRA). The mission of the LEF is to conceive, develop, and transfer methods and tools of economic analysis to improve the management of the goods, services and products of the forest and the forestry sector. The aim of this issue of the “Cahiers du LEF” is to present the results of the researchs of the forest economics laobratory between 2003 and 2007.Le Laboratoire d’Economie ForestiĂšre (LEF) est une UnitĂ© Mixte de Recherche entre l’Ecole Nationale du GĂ©nie Rural des Eaux et des ForĂȘts et l’Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Il a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© en 2000 et renouvelĂ© en 2005. La mission du LEF est de «concevoir, dĂ©velopper, et transfĂ©rer des mĂ©thodes et des outils d’analyse Ă©conomique en vue de comprendre et d’amĂ©liorer la connaissance, la gestion et l’utilisation des biens, services et produits de la forĂȘt ». L’objet de ce premier numĂ©ro des « Cahiers du LEF » de l’annĂ©e 2008 est de prĂ©senter un bilan scientifique des recherches effectuĂ©es au Laboratoire pour la pĂ©riode 2003-2007
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