10 research outputs found
PESFOR-W: Improving the design and environmental effectiveness of woodlands for water Payments for Ecosystem Services
ABSTRACT: The EU Water Framework Directive aims to ensure restoration of Europe?s water bodies to ?good ecological status? by 2027. Many Member States will struggle to meet this target, with around half of EU river catchments currently reporting below standard water quality. Diffuse pollution from agriculture represents a major pressure, affecting over 90% of river basins. Accumulating evidence shows that recent improvements to agricultural practices are benefiting water quality but in many cases will be insufficient to achieve WFD objectives. There is growing support for land use change to help bridge the gap, with a particular focus on targeted tree planting to intercept and reduce the delivery of diffuse pollutants to water. This form of integrated catchment management offers multiple benefits to society but a significant cost to landowners and managers.
New economic instruments, in combination with spatial targeting, need to be developed to ensure cost effective solutions - including tree planting for water benefits - are realised. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are flexible, incentive-based mechanisms that could play an important role in promoting land use change to deliver water quality targets. The PESFOR-W COST Action will consolidate learning from existing woodlands for water PES schemes in Europe and help standardize approaches to evaluating the environmental effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of woodland measures. It will also create a European network through which PES schemes can be facilitated, extended and improved, for example by incorporating other ecosystem services linking with aims of the wider forestscarbon policy nexus
Forests for Drinking Water â Will Water Pay?
Faced with water quality issues in some agricultural areas, forests are considered valuable for the production
of drinking water. Furthermore, foresters can enhance the protection of water resources â an excellent
example of environmental service. Can the protection of drinking water be considered a full-fledged forestry
activity? The purpose of this article is to review the development potential for foresters arising from this
service, based on work conducted in private forests.
Examining different aspects of services provided by forests, the article describes several methods for economic
evaluation depending on whether the focus is simply on the role played by the existence of forests, forestry
activities in favour of water or the naturalness of forest-sourced water.
To develop water protection services by forests, the CNPF-IDF [National Forestry Centre/Forestry Development
Institute] leads a working group on legal issues, whose goal is to devise and test a standard contract
between foresters and freshwater utilities.Face aux problĂšmes de qualitĂ© de lâeau dans certaines zones agricoles, les forĂȘts sont recherchĂ©es pour la
production dâeau potable. De plus, les forestiers peuvent renforcer la protection de la ressource en eau : un
trĂšs bon exemple de service environnemental. La protection de lâeau potable, une activitĂ© forestiĂšre Ă part
entiĂšre ? Lâobjectif de cet article est de faire le point sur son potentiel de dĂ©veloppement pour les forestiers,
en partant des travaux menĂ©s par la forĂȘt privĂ©e.
Ă partir de diffĂ©rents aspects des services rendus par les forĂȘts, lâarticle prĂ©sente plusieurs mĂ©thodes dâĂ©valuation
Ă©conomique : selon que lâon sâattache au simple rĂŽle dâexistence des forĂȘts, aux actions forestiĂšres
pour lâeau ou au caractĂšre naturel de lâeau dâorigine forestiĂšre.
Afin de dĂ©velopper en forĂȘt les services de protection dâeau, le CNPF-IDF anime un groupe de travail juridique,
dont lâobjecti
Quality Forest Water - How Can We Impact Quantities Produced?
Forests have a key influence on the water cycle through properties related to their structure, in particular the
development of the canopy and of root systems. Any examination of forests as suppliers of water must
consider the following two elements:
â overall, the more productive the forest, the greater its water consumption, which accordingly reduces
drainage flow. In other words, there is a trade-off between biomass production and the amount of water
returned to the environment;
â water drained under forest canopies to streams, springs or the water table is generally of good quality.
A self-evidence worth remembering is that quality and quantity of water cannot be dissociated: the service
of âquality waterâ implies availability of sufficient quantities over time.
Knowledge and management of forest-sourced water are based on knowledge of the water balance and its
variations in space and time. This article discusses the various causes of variations in water balance connected
with climate, soil conditions, forest species, silvicultural practices, all of which have an impact on the amount
of water drained. It also provides some comparisons with other major vegetation types. To answer the
question of how to quantitatively assess the amount of water supplied by forests and how to modulate that
quantity by management, we implemented a modelling approach that uses a water balance model with a
daily time step. Using site-specific parameters and meteorological data, the model simulates the flow from
actual evapotranspiration, rainwater at ground level, the water content of the soil and drainage. Two forest
sites were selected for the study described in this article. These are forests in eastern France with contrasting
rainfall patterns for which we simulated, under current climate conditions, the effect on the volume of
water drained of five different silvicultural scenarios.Les forĂȘts exercent une action dĂ©terminante sur le cycle de lâeau, au travers de propriĂ©tĂ©s liĂ©es Ă leur structure,
en particulier le dĂ©veloppement des couverts et des systĂšmes racinaires. Si lâon sâintĂ©resse au service
de fourniture dâeau par les forĂȘts, il faut considĂ©rer les deux Ă©lĂ©ments suivants :
â globalement, plus la productivitĂ© dâune forĂȘt est Ă©levĂ©e, plus sa consommation en eau le sera et diminuera
dâautant le flux de drainage. En dâautres termes, il existe un compromis entre la production en
biomasse et la restitution dâeau au milieu ;
â lâeau drainĂ©e sous couvert forestier vers les cours dâeau, les sources ou les nappes, est en rĂšgle
gĂ©nĂ©rale de bonne qualitĂ©. Une Ă©vidence quâil est bon de rappeler est que qualitĂ© et quantitĂ© dâeau ne
doivent pas ĂȘtre dissociĂ©es, le service « eau de qualitĂ© » sous-entend de disposer de quantitĂ©s suffisantes
et dans la durée.
La connaissance et la gestion de cette eau « forestiÚre » sont basées sur celle du bilan hydrique et de ses
variations spatio-temporelles. Cet article traite des différentes sources de variation du bilan hydrique liées au
climat, aux conditions Ă©daphiques, Ă lâespĂšce, Ă la sylviculture, variations qui ont toutes un impact sur les
quantitĂ©s dâeau drainĂ©e. Il fournit aussi quelques comparaisons avec les autres grands types de vĂ©gĂ©tations.
Pour rĂ©pondre Ă la question de lâĂ©valuation quantitative de la fourniture dâeau forestiĂšre et de sa modulation
par la gestion, nous avons mis en oeuvre une approche de modélisation, utilisant un modÚle de bilan
hydrique au pas de temps journalier. à partir de paramÚtres propres au site et de données météorologiques,
ce modĂšle simule les flux dâĂ©vapotranspiration rĂ©elle, la pluie au sol, la teneur en eau du sol et le drainage.
Deux sites forestiers ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour rĂ©aliser lâĂ©tude dĂ©crite dans cet article. Il sâagit de massifs forestiers
de lâEst de la France, Ă rĂ©gimes pluviomĂ©triques contrastĂ©s, pour lesquels nous avons simulĂ©, en situation
de climat actuel, lâeffet de cinq scĂ©narios sylvicoles sur les volumes dâeau drainĂ©s
MAJOR CHALLENGES AND PROPOSALS FOR HARMONIOUS MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF WATER AND WOOD RESOURCES
Among the various environmental functions exercised by forests, protection of water resources deserves
special attention to which several recent projects have contributed.
Because forest cover is continuous, the intense biological activity of forest soils, silvicultural practices involving
few chemical inputs, the water coming from forest-covered watersheds is of higher quality than that
coming from other types of land use and at a low cost. Forestry activities may however generate localised
or diffuse contaminations that should be prevented for which technical solutions are well known. However,
procedures concerning the protection of catchment areas prove difficult to implement. Another financial incentive
based on contract is currently being investigated. In quantitative terms, forests very significantly influence rainfall patterns, with two antagonistic effects:
indeed, the forests reduces run-off and are conducive to water seepage into the aquifers, but they nonetheless
intercept and transpire a significant portion of that rainfall. Depending on the architecture of forests and
catchment areas, the overall quantitative balance, compared to other types of land uses, may be a surplus
or a deficit in terms of the water resource. The digital modelling tool developed under the LIFE+ SEMEAU
project provides a means of measuring this quantitative role of forests together with some qualitative effects
(nitrates). This integrated approach has enable the Société des Eaux de Volvic to supplement its water
protection policy in partnership with all the forest players in the catchment area. This project opens up prospects
for technical improvement of âhydrological productivityâ of forests. In areas subjected to heavy demographic
or climatic pressures, this opportunity for mitigating tensions relating to the water resource is an
additional goal for forest management. In this regard, it is desirable to review the funding mechanisms for
water management so as to move them away from the generally curative measures and more towards the
virtuous promotion of environmental amenitiesParmi les diverses fonctions environnementales exercĂ©es par la forĂȘt, la protection de la ressource en eau
mérite une attention particuliÚre, que plusieurs projets récents ont permis de nourrir.
Grùce à la pérennité du couvert, la forte activité biologique des sols forestiers, des pratiques sylvicoles peu
consommatrices dâintrants chimiques, lâeau issue des bassins versants forestiers prĂ©sente, Ă faible coĂ»t, une
qualitĂ© supĂ©rieure Ă celle des autres types dâoccupation du sol. LâactivitĂ© forestiĂšre peut nĂ©anmoins gĂ©nĂ©rer
des contaminations ponctuelles ou diffuses quâil convient de prĂ©venir. Les solutions techniques sont maĂźtrisĂ©es.
En revanche, les procédures de protection des périmÚtres de captage se révÚlent difficilement applicables.
Une autre forme de dispositif financier basĂ© sur la contractualisation est actuellement Ă lâĂ©tude.
Sous lâangle quantitatif, la forĂȘt influence trĂšs significativement le devenir des pluies, avec deux effets antagonistes
: certes la forĂȘt rĂ©duit le ruissellement et favorise lâinfiltration des eaux vers les aquifĂšres, mais
encore elle intercepte et transpire une part significative des précipitations. Selon les configurations forestiÚres
et celles des bassins versants, le bilan global quantitatif, par rapport Ă dâautres types dâoccupation du sol,
peut ĂȘtre excĂ©dentaire ou dĂ©ficitaire en termes de ressource en eau. Lâoutil de modĂ©lisation numĂ©rique dĂ©veloppĂ©
dans le cadre du projet LIFE+ SEMEAU permet de quantifier ce rĂŽle hydrologique quantitatif de la forĂȘt,
ainsi que certains effets qualitatifs (nitrates). Cette démarche intégrative a permis à la Société des Eaux de
Volvic de compléter sa politique de protection des eaux en y associant tous les acteurs forestiers du bassin
versant. Ce projet ouvre des perspectives techniques pour améliorer la « productivité hydrologique » forestiÚre.
Dans les zones sous forte tension dĂ©mographique ou climatique, cette opportunitĂ© dâattĂ©nuation des
tensions liées à la ressource en eau donnera à la gestion forestiÚre une finalité complémentaire. Pour cela,
il conviendra de rĂ©viser les modalitĂ©s de financement de la gestion de lâeau en la rĂ©orientant, de prioritĂ©s
trop exclusivement curatives, vers une promotion vertueuse des aménité
Dispositif expĂ©rimental de Cirey pour le suivi de lâĂ©rosion sous couvert forestier
International audienc
Bilan Scientifique du Laboratoire d'Economie FroestiĂšre - 2003-2007
The Laboratory of Forestry economics (LEF) was created in 2000 as a joint research unit of the French Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) and the National Institute of Agronomic research (INRA). The mission of the LEF is to conceive, develop, and transfer methods and tools of economic analysis to improve the management of the goods, services and products of the forest and the forestry sector. The aim of this issue of the âCahiers du LEFâ is to present the results of the researchs of the forest economics laobratory between 2003 and 2007.Forest economics, Research
Définir une densité de plantation : comment et pour quels objectifs?
International audienc
Bilan scientifique du Laboratoire d'Economie ForestiĂšre : 2003-2007
Cahier du LEF ; 2008-01The Laboratory of Forestry economics (LEF) was created in 2000 as a joint research unit of the French Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF) and the National Institute ofAgronomic research (INRA). The mission of the LEF is to conceive, develop, and transfer methods and tools of economic analysis to improve the management of the goods, services and products of the forest and the forestry sector. The aim of this issue of the âCahiers du LEFâ is to present the results of the researchs of the forest economics laobratory between 2003 and 2007.Le Laboratoire dâEconomie ForestiĂšre (LEF) est une UnitĂ© Mixte de Recherche entre lâEcole Nationale du GĂ©nie Rural des Eaux et des ForĂȘts et lâInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique. Il a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă© en 2000 et renouvelĂ© en 2005. La mission du LEF est de «concevoir, dĂ©velopper, et transfĂ©rer des mĂ©thodes et des outils dâanalyse Ă©conomique en vue de comprendre et dâamĂ©liorer la connaissance, la gestion et lâutilisation des biens, services et produits de la forĂȘt ». Lâobjet de ce premier numĂ©ro des « Cahiers du LEF » de lâannĂ©e 2008 est de prĂ©senter un bilan scientifique des recherches effectuĂ©es au Laboratoire pour la pĂ©riode 2003-2007