22 research outputs found

    Farmers’ Perceptions and Characterization of Local Knowledge on Soil Fertility Management by Maize Farmers in Central Benin

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    The problem of soil fertility leads farmers, according to their perception, to practice local and or introduced methods to manage the productivity of their farm. This study aimed to document local knowledge on soil fertility management by maize farmers in central Benin. A semi-structured survey was used to collect information from 1248 maize farmers in six communes in central Benin. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Results showed that farmers consider declining soil fertility as one of the major constraints to maize production. About 45% of the farmers surveyed linked declining soil fertility to unsuitable fertilization practices. Maize farmers' soil fertility management methods are mainly based on synthetic chemical fertilizers such as urea (46%), NPK (15-15-15), NPKSB (14-23-14-5-1) and NPKSBZn (13-17-17-0.5-2.5) and Triple Superphosphate (45% P2O5). The application rates differed according to the type of fertilizer. Socio-demographic characteristics such as area planted, age, experience in maize production, membership in a farmer's organization, level of education, gender and income level of the farmer significantly determine the type of soil fertility management method practiced. These factors should be taken into account by extension programs

    Farmers’ Perceptions and Characterization of Local Knowledge on Soil Fertility Management by Maize Farmers in Central Benin

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    The problem of soil fertility leads farmers, according to their perception, to practice local and or introduced methods to manage the productivity of their farm. This study aimed to document local knowledge on soil fertility management by maize farmers in central Benin. A semi-structured survey was used to collect information from 1248 maize farmers in six communes in central Benin. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Results showed that farmers consider declining soil fertility as one of the major constraints to maize production. About 45% of the farmers surveyed linked declining soil fertility to unsuitable fertilization practices. Maize farmers' soil fertility management methods are mainly based on synthetic chemical fertilizers such as urea (46%), NPK (15-15-15), NPKSB (14-23-14-5-1) and NPKSBZn (13-17-17-0.5-2.5) and Triple Superphosphate (45% P2O5). The application rates differed according to the type of fertilizer. Socio-demographic characteristics such as area planted, age, experience in maize production, membership in a farmer's organization, level of education, gender and income level of the farmer significantly determine the type of soil fertility management method practiced. These factors should be taken into account by extension programs

    Perceptions and Characterization of Local Knowledge on Soil Fertility Management by Maize Farmers in Central Benin

    Get PDF
    The problem of soil fertility leads farmers, according to their perception, to practice local and or introduced methods to manage the productivity of their farm. This study aimed to document local knowledge on soil fertility management by maize farmers in central Benin. A semi-structured survey was used to collect information from 1248 maize farmers in six communes in central Benin. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Results showed that farmers consider declining soil fertility as one of the major constraints to maize production. About 45% of the farmers surveyed linked declining soil fertility to unsuitable fertilization practices. Maize farmers' soil fertility management methods are mainly based on synthetic chemical fertilizers such as urea (46%), NPK (15-15-15), NPKSB (14-23-14-5-1) and NPKSBZn (13-17-17-0.5-2.5) and Triple Superphosphate (45% P2O5). The application rates differed according to the type of fertilizer. Socio-demographic characteristics such as area planted, age, experience in maize production, membership in a farmer's organization, level of education, gender and income level of the farmer significantly determine the type of soil fertility management method practiced. These factors should be taken into account by extension programs

    Caractérisation morphologique de Cleome gynandra L. au Bénin

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    Au BĂ©nin des efforts scientifiques sont consentis pour la connaissance de la diversitĂ© vĂ©gĂ©tale. Cleome gynandra L. (Caya blanc, Sabo en Adja, Akaya en Mahi et SembouĂ© en Peulh) de la famille des Capparaceaes fait l'objet de cette Ă©tude Ă  travers sa connaissance agromorphologique. La mĂ©thodologie utilisĂ©e passe par des observations et prĂ©lĂšvement dans la nature et jardins de case. Dix (10) pieds de la plante ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s dans chaque zone climatique et un (1) pied dans le jardin botanique de l’UniversitĂ© d’Abomey-Calavi. En plus des observations sur la plante complĂšte, il est procĂ©dĂ© Ă  l’achat des graines de C. gynandra. Des variables quantitatives (hauteur de la plante, nombre de fruits par pied, longueur et diamĂštre des fruits, celle des pĂ©doncules, nombre de ramification) et variables qualitatives (couleur, pilositĂ© de la tige, couleur des fruits et graines et forme des feuilles) ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es, mesurĂ©es et calculĂ©es. Le traitement des variables a Ă©tĂ© possible par usage du logiciel XLSTAT- pro Version 2008. 1.01. Les relations entre variables ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es grĂące Ă  la matrice de corrĂ©lation de Pearson (n). Une Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP), a permis de ressortir si des diffĂ©rences significatives Ă  un taux de 0,05 existent entre les variĂ©tĂ©s pour les caractĂšres Ă©tudiĂ©s. L'Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence une grande variabilitĂ© agromorphologique dans les trois zones climatiques du BĂ©nin par des caractĂšres discriminant. Des diffĂ©rences significatives ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es entre les variables des trois zones climatiques d'une part et entre les individus issus des jardins de case et ceux collectĂ©s dans la nature d'autre part. L’ACP a mis en Ă©vidence trois grands ensembles. La classification ascendante hiĂ©rarchisĂ©e montre (8) ensembles qui tiennent compte des similaritĂ©s et les observations.Mots clĂ©s : Cleome gynandra L, Akaya, variĂ©tĂ©, caractĂšres, lĂ©gume feuille et RĂ©publique du BĂ©nin. English Title: Morphological characterization of Cleome gynandra L. in Benin   In Benin, scientific efforts are being made for knowledge of plant diversity. Cleome gynandra L. (White Caya, Sabo in Adja, Akaya in Mahi and SembouĂ© in Peulh) of the family Capparaceae is the subject of this study through its agromorphological knowledge. The methodology used involves observations and sampling in the nature and house gardens. Ten (10) feet of the plant were collected in each climatic zone and one (1) foot in the botanical garden of the University of Abomey-Calavi. In addition to the observations on the whole plant, the seeds of C. gynandra are purchased. Quantitative variables (plant height, number of fruits per foot, fruit length and diameter, peduncles, number of branching) and qualitative variables (color, stem hair, fruit and seed color and leaf forms) were observed, measured and calculated. Variable processing was possible using the XLSTAT-pro Version 2008 software. 1.01. Relationships between variables were studied using the Pearson correlation matrix (n). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed if significant differences at a rate of 0.05 exist between the varieties for the characters studied. The study revealed a large agromorphologicalvariability in the three climatic zones of Benin by discriminating characters. Significant differences were observed between the variables of the three climatic zones on the one hand and between the individuals from the house gardens and those collected in the wild on the other hand. The CPA has highlighted three major groups. The hierarchical ascending classification shows (8) sets that take into account similarities and observations.Keywords: Cleome gynandra L, Akaya, variety, characters, leaf vegetable and Republic of Benin.   &nbsp

    Evaluation des Coupes-Rases Par la TĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et Les SystĂšmes d’Information GĂ©ographique dans la ForĂȘt ClassĂ©e de DjigbĂ© (BĂ©nin)

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    Le paysage des forĂȘts classĂ©es Ă©tant de plus en plus anthropisĂ© Ă  cause de la pression dĂ©mographique, optimiser le suivi du prĂ©lĂšvement du bois serait un dĂ©fi pour la gestion rationnelle des forĂȘts au sud BĂ©nin. A cet effet, cette Ă©tude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’exploitation forestiĂšre faite par coupes-rases. Ce qui implique une estimation de l’évolution du massif forestier et donc de la disponibilitĂ© en bois pour une gestion planifiĂ©e et durable de la forĂȘt classĂ©e de DjigbĂ© (commune de ZĂš). La mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e relĂšve de la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et les SystĂšmes d’Information GĂ©ographique (SIG). Elle inclue la photo – interprĂ©tation par classification supervisĂ©e, le calcul de l’indice normalisĂ©e de vĂ©gĂ©tation (NDVI) aboutissant Ă  la restitution cartographique des coupesrases. Ainsi, la dĂ©tection des coupes-rases a Ă©tĂ© suivie Ă  partir des images satellitaires de type Landsat 8 des annĂ©es 2014 Ă  2017. La dĂ©tection automatisĂ©e des changements d’un Ă©tat vĂ©gĂ©tatif Ă  un Ă©tat non vĂ©gĂ©tatif basĂ©e sur l’analyse de l’indice normalisĂ© de la vĂ©gĂ©tation (NDVI) entre deux dates a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e. Des missions de gĂ©orĂ©fĂ©rencement des zones de coupes-rases dans la forĂȘt classĂ©e de DjigbĂ© ont aidĂ© aux traitements des images Ă  partir du logiciel ENVI 4.7. Les coupes-rases dĂ©tectĂ©es ont par la suite Ă©tĂ© restituĂ©es par cartographie. Les rĂ©sultats de dĂ©tection des coupes-rases ont Ă©tĂ© statistiquement vĂ©rifiĂ©s par des matrices de confusion. Les emplacements de coupes-rases dĂ©tectĂ©es pendant la pĂ©riode DĂ©cembre 2014-dĂ©cembre 2015 diffĂšrent de celle de dĂ©cembre 2015-janvier 2017. Chaque classe de coupe regroupĂ©e suivant un degrĂ© de certitude, respectant donc un cloisonnement donnĂ©. Ce qui renseigne sur la prĂ©cision de la mĂ©thode automatisĂ©e de dĂ©tection. La dĂ©tection des coupes a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e suivant trois valeurs de probabilitĂ© de prĂ©sence de coupes-rases. Ces valeurs de probabilitĂ© sont : faible (1σ), moyenne (2σ) et forte (3σ) dĂ©signĂ©es par l’expression « degrĂ© de certitude ». Quelle que soit la classe et la pĂ©riode, le nombre de coupe est plus important chronologiquement pour le degrĂ© de certitude faible (1σ), moyenne (2σ) et forte (3σ). Les coupes-rases de dĂ©tection supĂ©rieure ou Ă©gale Ă  1ha dans la plantation domaniale de DjigbĂ© couvrent 234,63 ha. Ce qui induit une estimation de la disponibilitĂ© en bois qui est diminuĂ©e de cette mĂȘme superficie dĂ©tectĂ©e durant la pĂ©riode prise en compte par l’étude. ConsidĂ©rant le classement des coupes-rases suivant les degrĂ©s de certitude « moyenne » et « forte », sur l’ensemble des 234,63 ha, les proportions dĂ©tectĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© respectivement de 76 et de 24 %. La dĂ©tection par images satellitaires et la cartographie est un outil de suivi et d’évaluation pertinent. Cet outil contribue Ă  l’analyse pĂ©riodique d’images satellitaires et la simulation de l’évolution de la ressource bois en plantation. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude permettent ainsi d’apprĂ©cier avec impartialitĂ© l’évolution du prĂ©lĂšvement et le suivi Ă  distance de l’exploitation du bois. L’appropriation de l’utilisation de cet outil par les acteurs forestiers pour l’estimation de la ressource bois disponible, contribuerait Ă  une meilleure gestion des forĂȘts. The landscape of classified forests us being more and more anthropized because of demographic pressure. As a result, optimizing the monitoring of wood removal would be a challenge for the rational management of forests in southern Benin. This paper focuses on assessing logging done by clear-cutting. This implies an estimate of the evolution of the forest massif and therefore of the availability of wood for a planned and sustainable management of the classified forest of DjigbĂ© (commune of ZĂš). The method used is based on remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It includes photo interpretation by supervised classification and the calculation of the standardized vegetation index (NDVI) leading to the cartographic restitution of the clear-cuts. Thus, the clearing detection was followed from Landsat 8 type satellite images from2014 to 2017. Automated detection of changes from a vegetative to a non-vegetative state based on the analysis of the index normalized vegetation (NDVI) between two dates was used. Georeferencing missions of clearcut areas in the classified forest of DjigbĂ© helped image processing using the ENVI 4.7 software. The level cuts detected were subsequently restored by mapping. The shaving cutter detection results were statistically verified by confusion matrices. The clearing locations detected during the period December 2014 to December 2015 differ from that of December 2015 to January 2017. Each cutting class was grouped according to a degree of certainty, thus respecting a given partitioning. This provides information on the accuracy of the automated detection method. The detection of the cuts was carried out according to three values of probability of the presence of clear-cuts. These probability values are: low (1σ), medium (2σ), and high (3σ) designated by the expression "degree of certainty". Whatever the class and the period, the number of cuts is more important chronologically for the degree of certainty low (1σ), medium (2σ), and strong (3σ). The leveling shafts of detection greater than or equal to 1 ha in the national plantation of DjigbĂ© cover 234.63 ha. This leads to an estimate of the availability of wood, which is reduced by the same area detected during the period taken into account by the study. Considering the classification of clearcuts according to the degrees of certainty "medium" and "strong", on the whole of the 234.63 ha, the proportions detected were respectively 76 and 24%. Detection by satellite images and mapping is a relevant monitoring and evaluation tool. This tool contributes to the periodic analysis of satellite images and the simulation of the evolution of the wood resource in plantation. The results of this study thus allow an impartial assessment of the evolution of the harvest and remote monitoring of logging. The appropriation of the use of this tool by forest stakeholders, for the estimation of the available wood resource, would contribute to better forest management

    Typologie Et Répartition Des Espaces Verts Publics Dans Le Grand Nokoué (Sud Bénin)

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    Urban green spaces are essential to ensure the quality of life and the fulfillment of town-dwellers. The objective of this research is to assess the richness of public green spaces in the great Nokoué cities (AbomeyCalavi, Cotonou, Ouidah, Porto-Novo and SÚmÚ-Podji). The itinerary method was used to find the greens spaces whose list was obtained in the town halls. For each public green space found, the geo-referencing (tracking), the determination of the area of the public places and the measurement of the length of the tracks were made. The results revealed that the great Nokoué cities have 114 public green spaces which can be classified in four types (green Spaces of Tribes 4,39 %, Green Spaces of Pathways 13,16 %, Parks and Squares 26,32 % and Public Roads Alignment Trees 58,77 %). Cotonou is the city of the great Nokoué richest in public green spaces (61,95 %) whereas Ouidah has the highest ratio of public green spaces per inhabitant (Ouidah, 0.27 m2 /hbt, Porto-Novo, 0.18 m2 /hbt , Cotonou, 0.12 m2 /hbt Abomey-Calavi 0,06 m2 /hbt and SÚmÚ -Podji, 0,06 m2 /hbt ). No city of the great Nokoué has reached the ratio of 10 m2 of public green space per inhabitant as recommended by OMS. It is therefore important that urban authoritys give far greater attention to public green spaces (gardens, parks, squares, etc.) in future development plans

    Arthropod Diversity in Lama Forest Reserve (South Benin), a Mosaic of Natural, Degraded and Plantation Forests

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    Arthropod assemblages were examined in Lama forest reserve, a protected area situated in the Dahomey gap, southern Benin, composed of plantations, degraded forest and remnants of natural forest. The objectives were to compare assemblages in relation to forest type and use, to elucidate the value of forest plantations for biodiversity conservation and to identify indicator species for specific forest habitats. Arthropods were collected over an 11-month period, using standardized sets of traps (pitfall, emergence, Malaise and flight intercept traps). Nine different habitats were studied, including natural and degraded forest, forest plantations (Tectona grandis and Senna siamea) of different age, and isolated forest fragments. Our analysis focused on detritivorous and xylophagous arthropods but also included ground beetles and heteropterans, totalling 393 species. We found no differences in species richness among natural and degraded forest habitats in the centre of the reserve (Noyau central). Outside of the Noyau central, species richness was highest in old teak plantations and isolated forest fragments and lowest in young teak and fuelwood plantations. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) separated three main groups: (1) natural forest, (2) degraded forest and young plantations, and (3) old plantations and isolated forest fragments. Multiple regression of DCA scores of the first two axes on environmental variables identified one natural and three disturbance-related predictors of arthropod assemblages in Lama forest: soil type (texture), canopy height, naturalness (proportion of Guineo-Congolian plant species) and understorey vegetation cover. We identified 15 indicator species for six different forest habitats. The highest numbers were found in abandoned settlements and old teak plantations. ÎČ-diversity was similar among the three DCA ordination groups (degraded forest excluded). Values for ÎČ-diversity were relatively high, suggesting that all major forest habitats contribute significantly to regional species pools and should therefore be protected. To enhance arthropod diversity, we propose that management practices in Lama forest should aim to encourage the development of species-rich understorey vegetation of the Guineo-Congolian phytogeographical regio

    Production et Évaluation de la QualitĂ© Physicochimique et Microbiologique du Vinaigre Issu de la Pulpe de Prunier Mombin (Spondias mombin L.) Produit au BĂ©nin

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    La prĂ©sente Ă©tude vise Ă  valoriser la pulpe des fruits de prunier mombin (Spondias mombin L.) Ă  travers la production du vinaigre. A cet effet, le jus extrait de la pulpe des fruits de S. mombin collectĂ©s Ă  maturitĂ© Ă©tait utilisĂ© pour la production du vinaigre. Le bioproduit est obtenu par une double fermentation utilisant respectivement la levure Saccharomyces Cerevisiae et la bactĂ©rie AcĂ©tobacter Aceti. Les caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et les propriĂ©tĂ©s anti-oxydantes (composĂ©s phĂ©noliques, vitamine C)  du vinaigre obtenu et commercial ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es suivant les mĂ©thodes standards. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le pH, l’aciditĂ© titrable, la densitĂ©, et le degrĂ© brix du vinaigre issu de S. mombin sont respectivement de 3,2, de 24,64 g/L, de 1,016 et de 13,7 (°Brix). De faibles teneurs en acide acĂ©tique (1,87 %) et en degrĂ© d’alcool (0,66 %) Ă©taient observĂ©es pour le vinaigre de S. mombin comparativement au vinaigre commercial (3,89 % et 1,20 %). Les deux vinaigres se caractĂ©risent par des teneurs Ă©levĂ©es en vitamine C (0,034-0,032 %), en composĂ©s phĂ©noliques (485,54-853,12 mg/L) et en flavonoĂŻdes (126,24-364,06). L’analyse statistique a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu’a l’exception de la vitamine C et des flavonoĂŻdes,  une diffĂ©rence significative (P≀5 %) a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e entre les propriĂ©tĂ©s physicochimiques et les facteurs antinutritionnels des deux vinaigres. L’évaluation de la qualitĂ© microbiologique a montrĂ© que les deux vinaigres sont exempts de germes pathogĂšnes. ComparĂ© Ă  la norme, les deux vinaigres prĂ©sentent des charges FMAT et levures et moisissures respectant la norme. Le vinaigre de S. mombin produit prĂ©sente un bon potentiel de consommation et  constitue une voie alternative de valorisation et d’augmentation de la valeur ajoutĂ©e de cette espĂšce.   The present study aims to valorize the pulp of mombin plum fruits (Spondias mombin L.) through the production of vinegar. For this purpose, the juice extracted from the pulp of S. mombin fruits collected at maturity was used for the production of vinegar. The bioproduct is obtained by a double fermentation using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Acetobacter aceti respectively. The physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics and the antioxidant properties (phenolic compounds, vitamin C) of the S. mombin vinegar obtained and commercial vinegar were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that the pH, titratable acidity, density, and brix degree of vinegar from S. mombin are 3.2, 24.64 g/L, 1.016, and 13.7, respectively (°Brix). Low acetic acid (1.87%) and alcohol content (0.66%) were observed for S. mombin vinegar compared to commercial vinegar (3.89% and 1.20%). Both vinegars are characterized by high levels of vitamin C (0.034-0.032%), phenolic compounds (485.54-853.12 mg/L) and flavonoids (126.24-364.06 mg/L). Statistical analysis revealed that with the exception of vitamin C and flavonoids, a significant difference (P≀5%) was observed between the physicochemical properties and antinutritional factors of the two vinegars. The evaluation of the microbiological quality showed that the two vinegars are free of pathogenic germs. Compared to the standard, the two vinegars present FMAT and yeast and mold loads respecting the standard. The S. mombin vinegar produced has good potential for consumption and constitutes an alternative way of promoting and increasing the added value of this species

    Evaluation de la qualité physicochimique et microbiologique du vinaigre issu de la pulpe de prunier mombin (Spondias mombin L.) produit au Bénin

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    Spondias mombin est un fruitier sauvage comestible peu connu, nĂ©gligĂ© et sous utilisĂ© en Afrique de l’Ouest. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude vise Ă  valoriser la pulpe des fruits de prunier mombin (Spondias mombin L.) Ă  travers la production du vinaigre. A cet effet, le jus extrait de la pulpe des fruits de S. mombin collectĂ©s Ă  maturitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour la production du vinaigre. Le bioproduit est obtenu par une double fermentation utilisant respectivement la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la bactĂ©rie Acetobacter aceti. La fermentation alcoolique a durĂ© 17 jours et celle acĂ©tique a durĂ© 30 jours. Les caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques, microbiologiques et les propriĂ©tĂ©s anti-oxydantes (composĂ©s phĂ©noliques, vitamine C) du vinaigre obtenu et commercial ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es suivant les mĂ©thodes standards. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que le pH, l’aciditĂ© titrable, la densitĂ© et le degrĂ© Brix du vinaigre issu de S. mombin sont respectivement de 3,2, 24,64 g/L, 1,016 et de 13,7 (°Brix). De faibles teneurs en acide acĂ©tique (1,87 %) et en degrĂ© d’alcool (0,66 %) Ă©taient observĂ©es pour le vinaigre de S. mombin comparativement au vinaigre commercial (3,89 % et 1,20 %). Les deux vinaigres se caractĂ©risent par des teneurs Ă©levĂ©es en vitamine C (0,034-0,032 %), en composĂ©s phĂ©noliques (485,54-853,12 mg/L) et en flavonoĂŻdes (126,24-364,06). L’analyse statistique a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu’à l’exception de la vitamine C et des flavonoĂŻdes,  une diffĂ©rence significative (P ≀ 5 %) a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e entre les propriĂ©tĂ©s physicochimiques et les facteurs antinutritionnels des deux vinaigres. L’évaluation de la qualitĂ© microbiologique a montrĂ© que les deux vinaigres sont exempts de germes pathogĂšnes. Les deux sources de vinaigre prĂ©sentent des charges Flore MĂ©sophile AĂ©robie Totale, de levures et moisissures respectant les valeurs acceptables de la norme. Le vinaigre de S. mombin produit prĂ©sente un bon potentiel de consommation et constitue une voie alternative de valorisation et d’augmentation de la valeur ajoutĂ©e de cette espĂšce.   Spondias mombin is a little-known, neglected and underutilized edible wild fruit tree in West Africa. The present study aims to valorize the pulp of mombin plum fruits (Spondias mombin L.) through the production of vinegar. For this purpose, the juice extracted from the pulp of S. mombin fruits collected at maturity was used for the production of vinegar. The bioproduct is obtained by a double fermentation using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Acetobacter aceti respectively. The alcoholic fermentation lasted 17 days and the acetic one lasted 30 days. The physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics and the antioxidant properties (phenolic compounds, vitamin C) of the S. mombin vinegar obtained and commercial vinegar were evaluated using standard methods. The results showed that the pH, titratable acidity, density and Brix degree of vinegar from S. mombin are 3.2, 24.64 g/L, 1.016, and 13.7, respectively (°Brix). Low acetic acid (1.87%) and alcohol content (0.66%) were observed for S. mombin vinegar compared to commercial vinegar (3.89% and 1.20%). Both vinegars are characterized by high levels of vitamin C (0.034-0.032%), phenolic compounds (485.54-853.12 mg/L) and flavonoids (126.24-364.06 mg/L). Statistical analysis revealed that with the exception of vitamin C and flavonoids, a significant difference (P ≀ 5 %) was observed between the physicochemical properties and antinutritional factors of the two vinegars. The evaluation of the microbiological quality showed that the two vinegars are free of pathogenic germs. Both sources of vinegar have loads of Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora, yeasts and molds respecting the acceptable values of the standard. The S. mombin vinegar produced has good potential for consumption and constitutes an alternative way of promoting and increasing the added value of this species

    Diversité et structure de la végétation ligneuse dans la ville de Malanville au Nord-Bénin

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    La vĂ©gĂ©tation urbaine a le potentiel de relever de nombreux dĂ©fis environnementaux liĂ©s Ă  la durabilitĂ© des villes. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de caractĂ©riser la vĂ©gĂ©tation ligneuse de Malanville. La mĂ©thode de relevĂ© phytosociologique est utilisĂ©e pour la collecte des donnĂ©es. L’échantillonnage alĂ©atoire stratifiĂ© a permis d’installer 300 placeaux carrĂ©s de 1 ha, gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s au hasard par l’outil « Data Management » du logiciel ArcGIS 10.5, suite Ă  un maillage de l’armature urbaine. Le travail a permis de dĂ©nombrer 68 espĂšces  ligneuses rĂ©parties 58 genres et 33 familles. La diversitĂ© floristique est relativement faible et varie de façon significative (p < 0,05) selon les unitĂ©s d’occupation des terres (richesse spĂ©cifique : 2,75 Ă  6,75 ; diversitĂ© de Shannon : 0,83 Ă  1,64 bits ; Ă©quitabilitĂ© de Pielou : 0,48 Ă  0,63). Les paramĂštres de structure dĂ©croissent significativement (p < 0,01) selon les unitĂ©s d’occupation des terres (densitĂ© moyenne : 6,56 Ă  59,25 N/ha ; surface terriĂšre : 0,77 Ă  4,52 mÂČ/ha ; circonfĂ©rence moyenne : 90,7 Ă  121,17 cm). La ville de Malanville regorge d’une importante biodiversitĂ© floristique constituĂ©e Ă  61% d’espĂšces exotiques. Dans la recherche de solutions locales aux rĂ©percussions deschangements climatiques, cette Ă©tude est un atout pour la conservation de la vĂ©gĂ©tation ligneuse urbaine permettant de construire des villes plus durables, attractives et vertes.Mots clĂ©s : DiversitĂ© floristique, structure de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, vĂ©gĂ©tation en milieu urbain, Malanville, BĂ©nin.English title: Diversity and structure of woody vegetation in the town of Malanville in Northern BeninUrban vegetation has the potential to meet many challenges environmental issues related to the sustainability of cities. The objective of this study was to characterize the woody vegetation of Malanville. The phytosociological survey method was used for data collection. Stratified random sampling allowed the installation of 300 square plots of 1 ha, randomly generated by the "Data Management" tool of the ArcGIS 10.5 software, following a meshing of the urban framework. The work enabled the enumeration of 68 woody species distributed in 58 genera and 33 families. The floristic diversity is relatively low and varies significantly (p < 0.05) according to land use units (specific richness: 2.75 to 6.75; Shannon's diversity: 0.83 to 1.64 bits; Pielou's equitability: 0.48 to 0.63). The structure parameters decrease significantly (p < 0.01) according to the land use units (mean density: 6.56 to 59.25 N/ha; basal area: 0.77 to 4.52 mÂČ/ha; mean circumference: 90.7 to 121.17 cm). The town of Malanville has an important floristic biodiversity, 61% of which is made up of exotic  species. In the search for local solutions to the impacts of climate change, this study is an asset for the conservation of urban woody vegetation, enabling the construction of more sustainable, attractive and greener cities. Keywords : Floristic diversity, vegetation structure, urban vegetation, Malanville, Beni
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