Coping in Teams: Exploring Athletes’ Communal Coping Strategies to Deal With Shared Stressors

Although sport psychology research has mainly focused on stress and coping as intrapersonal processes, stressful circumstances are often experienced in social groups and coping emerges as a combination of individual and group effort (Tamminen and Gaudreau, 2014). Based on Lyons et al. (1998) model of communal coping, this study aimed to address the lack of knowledge about stress and coping as an interpersonal process, by exploring shared stressors and communal coping strategies within team sports. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 team sport athletes (seven males, three females; Mage = 26.3 years, SDage = 7.67, range 15–38) who participated in different team sports (football, rugby, volleyball, ice hockey, and basketball). Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analytic procedure. The results revealed four themes of shared stressors involving issues relating to social pressure, relationships between teammates, performance, or logistics and organization; and four themes of communal coping, namely: problem-focused communal efforts, relationship-focused coping, communal management of emotions, and communal goal withdrawal. The results provided empirical support to the communal coping model (Lyons et al., 1998) and extend understanding of coping processes as defined initially by the CMRT of emotion (Lazarus, 1999, 2000a). This study provided unique insight into the nature of communal coping in sport and performance setting, and specifically, how stressors are apprehended in team sports and how athletes can collaborate to deal with shared stressors during competitive encounters

Electroconvulsive Therapy:a Video-Based Educational Resource Using Standardized Patients

Objective Video-based depictions of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be useful for educational purposes, but many of the readily available resources may worsen already stigmatized views of the procedure. Educators' common reliance on such material highlights the paucity of equipoised depictions of modern ECT well suited for the training of health professionals. The authors developed and tested a new educational module enhanced by videotaped depictions of a simulated patient undergoing the consent, treatment, recovery, and follow-up phases of ECT. Methods The didactic intervention interspersed 7 short video clips (totaling 14 min) into a 55-min lecture on treatment-resistant depression. The session, part of an intensive course of preclinical psychiatry, was delivered online through synchronous videoconferencing with Zoom. The primary outcome measure was change in theQuestionnaire on Attitudes and Knowledge of ECT(QuAKE). Results Fifty-three out of 63 (87%) eligible second-year medical students completed assessments at baseline and after exposure to the didactic intervention. QuAKE scores improved between baseline and endpoint: the Attitudes composite increased from 49.4 +/- 6.1 to 59.1 +/- 5.7 (pairedt10.65,p <0.001, Cohen'sd0.69), and the Knowledge composite from 13.3 +/- 1.2 to 13.9 +/- 0.8 (pairedt3.97,p <0.001, Cohen'sd0.23). Conclusions These video-based educational materials proved easy to implement in the virtual classroom, were amenable to adaptation by end-use instructors, were well received by learners, and led to measurable changes in students' knowledge of and attitudes toward ECT

Sialendoscopy for the management of obstructive salivary gland disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: To conduct a systematic review with metaanalysis to determine the efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy in the treatment of obstructive diseases of the salivary glands in adults. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library (no lower limit to October 2010). Reference lists were searched for identification of relevant studies. Study Selection: Prospective or retrospective studies of adult patients treated with interventional sialendoscopy for the management of salivary gland obstruction were selected. Outcome measures included rates of success (symptom-free and absence of residual obstruction), sialadenectomy, and complications. Non-English publications were excluded. Data Extraction: Two independent review authors screened eligible studies, extracted relevant data, and resolved discrepancies by consensus when applicable. Weighted pooled proportion, 95% confidence intervals, and test results for heterogeneity are reported. Data Synthesis: Twenty-nine studies were included in the analysis. The weighted pooled proportion of success rates were 0.86 (95% CI, 0.83-0.89) for studies involving 1213 patients undergoing sialendoscopy alone and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89-0.96) for the 374 patients undergoing sialendoscopy with a combined surgical approach. Outcomes following interventional sialendoscopy for radioiodine-induced sialadenitis were reported in 3 studies, and success rates were variable. Rates of sialadenectomy were low, and few major complications were reported. Conclusion: Findings from the present systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that sialendoscopy is efficacious, safe, and gland preserving for the treatment of obstructive major salivary gland disease

The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement:208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder

Background: Misconceptions about ADHD stigmatize affected people, reduce credibility of providers, and prevent/delay treatment. To challenge misconceptions, we curated findings with strong evidence base. Methods: We reviewed studies with more than 2000 participants or meta-analyses from five or more studies or 2000 or more participants. We excluded meta-analyses that did not assess publication bias, except for meta-analyses of prevalence. For network meta-analyses we required comparison adjusted funnel plots. We excluded treatment studies with waiting-list or treatment as usual controls. From this literature, we extracted evidence-based assertions about the disorder. Results: We generated 208 empirically supported statements about ADHD. The status of the included statements as empirically supported is approved by 80 authors from 27 countries and 6 continents. The contents of the manuscript are endorsed by 366 people who have read this document and agree with its contents. Conclusions: Many findings in ADHD are supported by meta-analysis. These allow for firm statements about the nature, course, outcome causes, and treatments for disorders that are useful for reducing misconceptions and stigma.</p

Aspect splits without ergativity

This paper looks at two different aspect splits in Neo-Aramaic languages that are unusual in that they do not involve any ergativity. Instead, these splits are characterized by agreement reversal, a pattern in which the function of agreement markers switches between aspects, though the alignment of agreement remains consistently nominative-accusative. Some Neo-Aramaic languages have complete agreement reversal, affecting both subject and object agreement (Khan 2002, 2008; Coghill 2003). In addition to this, we describe a different system, found in Senaya, which we call partial agreement reversal. In Senaya, the reversal only affects the marker of the perfective subject, which marks objects in the imperfective. We show that a unifying property of the systems that we discuss is that there is additional agreement potential in the imperfective. We develop an account in which these splits arise because of an aspectual predicate in the imperfective that introduces an additional φ-probe. This proposal provides support for the view that aspect splits are the result of an additional predicate in nonperfective aspects (Laka 2006; Coon 2010; Coon and Preminger 2012), because it allows for the apparently disparate phenomena of split ergativity and agreement reversal to be given a unified treatment

Perspectiva de género sobre la atención sanitaria a las enfermedades crónicas

Resumen de la comunicación presentada en “XXXIV Jornadas de la FADSP”; “III Jornades Salut d' ACDESA-PV.” Salut: dret o privilegi?, Grau de Castelló, 18-19 noviembre 2016Aunque la perspectiva y el análisis de género comenzó en los años 70 del siglo XX, no es hasta comienzos de los años 90 que emerge esta perspectiva dentro de la Medicina, en concreto con publicaciones sobre los sesgos de género en la atención sanitaria, que es la diferencia en el esfuerzo diagnóstico y terapéutico en un sexo respecto al otro, a igual problema de salud, pudiendo tener consecuencias desiguales para la salud de los mismos. Los sesgos de género se producen en enfermedades que pueden ser padecidas por ambos sexos, y también en las que son padecidas solo por mujeres, o solo por hombres. Se originan en el ámbito de la investigación, y perpetúan al ser reproducidos en los ámbitos de la docencia y la atención sanitaria; así como de la divulgación científica, sin dejar de lado otros entornos relacionados con la salud en el que también resisten sesgos de género, como el ámbito de los cuidados informales (el familiar) o el de toma de decisiones políticas. Veinticinco años después se es más consciente de la existencia de sesgos de género en la atención sanitaria, tanto en España como a nivel internacional, pero probablemente se han tomado escasas medidas en la práctica para eliminarlos; no siendo ya la escasez de conocimientos al respecto el argumento al que nos podemos acoger. El proyecto denominado Gendered Innovations (http://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/gendered-innovations/index_en.cfm?pg=home) liderado por la Universidad de Stanford con el apoyo de la Comisión Europea para su creación, y por una veintena de países posteriormente, da buena cuenta con los "estudios de casos" que presenta, de cómo las innovaciones de género contribuyen a desarrollar la calidad y el beneficio de las prácticas profesionales en los sectores públicos y privados

Trajectories of psychological states of women elite fencers during the final stages of international matches

International audienceThis study examined the trajectories and within-person synergies of psychological processes during the final stages of matches. A process-oriented approach was used with nine women elite fencers during an international competition. Multiple assessments of perceived control, threat and challenge appraisals, problem-and emotion-focused coping, positive and negative affects were completed after each touches using video recall method. Multilevel growth curve analyses (MGCAs) indicated that winning and losing matches were each characterised by distinct psychological processes. Specifically, perceived control, challenge appraisal, problem-and emotion-focused coping, and positive affects increased linearly and threat appraisal decreased linearly for wining matches, whereas negative affects increased linearly for losing matches. Regarding the within-person synergies of psychological processes, MGCAs indicated that (1) perceived control and challenge appraisal were significantly associated with problem-and emotion-focused coping for losing matches, the strength of these associations remaining consistent across touches; (2) problem-focused coping was significantly associated with negative affects whereas emotion-focused coping was significantly associated with positive affects for winning matches, the strength of these associations remaining consistent across touches; and (3) problem-and emotion-focused coping were significantly associated with negative affects for losing matches, the linear trajectory of negative affects accelerating at times when athletes had higher levels of emotion-focused coping. Overall, this study provided insights into transactional processes during competition

Análisis de partidos europeos de bádminton individuales y dobles con especial atención a los dobles por parejas

The main aims of the present study were i) to examine the different demands (temporal and muscular data) between different types of events in badminton (part 1) and ii) to compare the real activity (areas distribution and strokes distribution) between the two players who composed the pair during the three types of doubles that occur in badminton (part 2). Seven matches were analyzed for both men’s and women’s singles and for men’s, women’s and mixed doubles during the 2016 European Championships. In Part 1, both timing structure (match duration, number of points, rally duration, rest time, effective playing time and shot frequency) and specific movements (jumps and lunges) were compared between the five types of events. In Part 2, after dividing the court into four zones, we compared the activity of the two players within the same pair in each of these zones. The distribution of technical variables and specific movements was also analysed. For Part 1, male and mixed doubles showed the shortest rally duration (~-45%), the longest rest between two rallies (~+18%), as well as the highest shot frequency (~+24%) when compared to male and female singles and female doubles. Male and female singles showed the highest number of jumps (+40% when compared to doubles) and lunges (+250% when compared to doubles). Male and female singles showed the highest number of jumps (+40% when compared to doubles) and lunges (+250% when compared to doubles). For Part 2, we observed that spatial and notational distribution between players of the pair is largely dependent on the type of double considered. This study demonstrated that the constraints of a badminton game are specific and related to the type of event played (males or females and/or singles or doubles).Los principales objetivos del presente estudio fueron i) examinar las diferentes demandas (datos temporales y musculares) entre los distintos tipos de eventos en bádminton (Parte 1) y ii) comparar la actividad real (distribución de áreas y distribución de golpes) entre los dos jugadores que componían la pareja durante los tres tipos de dobles que se dan en bádminton (Parte 2). Se analizaron siete partidos de individuales masculinos y femeninos y de dobles masculinos, femeninos y mixtos durante los Campeonatos Europeos de 2016. En la Parte 1, se compararon la estructura temporal (duración del partido, número de puntos, duración del peloteo, tiempo de descanso, tiempo efectivo de juego y frecuencia de golpeo) y los movimientos específicos (saltos y estocadas) entre los cinco tipos de eventos. En la Parte 2, tras dividir la cancha en cuatro zonas, se comparó la actividad de los dos jugadores de una misma pareja en cada una de estas zonas. También se analizó la distribución de las variables técnicas y los movimientos específicos. En la Parte 1, los dobles masculinos y mixtos mostraron la menor duración de peloteo (~-45 %), el mayor descanso entre dos peloteos (~+18 %), y la mayor frecuencia de golpes (~+24 %) en comparación con los individuales masculinos y femeninos y los dobles femeninos. Los individuales masculinos y femeninos mostraron el mayor número de saltos (+40 % en comparación con los dobles) y estocadas (+250 % en comparación con los dobles). En la Parte 2, observamos que la distribución espacial y notacional entre los jugadores de la pareja depende en gran medida del tipo de dobles considerado. Este estudio demostró que las limitaciones de un partido de bádminton son específicas y están relacionadas con el tipo de prueba disputada (masculino, femenino, individuales, dobles)