Le jugement évaluatif : subjectivité, biais cognitifs et postures du professeur

Comprend des références bibliographiquesPour certifier l’atteinte d’une compétence, l’évaluateur est confronté au défi posé par l’approche par compétences portant sur le jugement, et ce, sur l’ensemble des manifestations recueillies tout au long des apprentissages. Dans le cadre de la maitrise en enseignement au collégial, au secteur PERFORMA de l’Université de Sherbrooke, les auteures ont mené une recherche qualitative interprétative impliquant des études de cas auprès de quatre professeurs. Celles-ci ont permis de documenter les pratiques évaluatives, desquelles se dégagent des portraits révélant deux pôles concernant la conception de l’évaluation des apprentissages, à la fois complémentaires et contradictoires, soit les postures de contrôleur et de conseiller. Les résultats de la recherche ont donné matière à des réflexions que les chercheuses partagent dans cet article. En quoi le jugement lors du processus d’évaluation consiste-t-il? Quels en sont les paramètres? Qu’en est-il de la subjectivité et des biais cognitifs, incontournables écueils à l’exercice d’un jugement juste et valide? Quelle posture est-il préférable d’adopter afin de soutenir l’apprentissage de l’étudiant et de porter un jugement sur l’atteinte de la compétence? Le texte tente de répondre à ces questions en établissant des liens avec la recherche menée et en proposant quelques pistes d’action pour les professeurs

Os sentidos de “substância” em Apolônio Díscolo.

O artigo dedica um exame detalhado aos sentidos de substância presentes em Apolônio Díscolo. A primeira dificuldade é de ordem metodológica, pois é necessário examinar uma noção eminentemente filosófica no seio de um texto gramatical da Antigüidade tardia. É necessário, pois, precisar qual pode ser o referente filosófico a que se pode associar o uso que Apolônio faz da noção de substância, levando-se em conta a forte influência de noções estóicas e ainda de uma gama de influências peripatéticas e também médio-platônicas e neo-platônicas. A essa dificuldade metodológica soma-se o obstáculo de um corpus lacunar, a que falta a parte relativa ao nome. É necessário, pois, reconstituir a doutrina apoloniana a partir do que se encontra, de maneira esparsa, na Sintaxe e no Acerca do pronome. Então, muitos elementos permitem questionar a adesão de Apolônio à fórmula do Acerca do pronome, a qual não corresponde às fórmulas habituais da Sintaxe, nem ao coração da doutrina sobre a relação de complementaridade entre nome e pronome do livro II desta, o qual se admite ser posterior ao Acerca do pronome e constituir uma síntese do ensinamento do gramático grego. Apolônio manusearia, então, de maneira implícita, não só os dois sentidos de substância como qualidade substancial e como propriedade de significação vinculada de modo próprio ao pronome, mas também um terceiro sentido de substância, o de substância-substrato.O artigo dedica um exame detalhado aos sentidos de substância presentes em Apolônio Díscolo. A primeira dificuldade é de ordem metodológica, pois é necessário examinar uma noção eminentemente filosófica no seio de um texto gramatical da Antigüidade tardia. É necessário, pois, precisar qual pode ser o referente filosófico a que se pode associar o uso que Apolônio faz da noção de substância, levando-se em conta a forte influência de noções estóicas e ainda de uma gama de influências peripatéticas e também médio-platônicas e neo-platônicas. A essa dificuldade metodológica soma-se o obstáculo de um corpus lacunar, a que falta a parte relativa ao nome. É necessário, pois, reconstituir a doutrina apoloniana a partir do que se encontra, de maneira esparsa, na Sintaxe e no Acerca do pronome. Então, muitos elementos permitem questionar a adesão de Apolônio à fórmula do Acerca do pronome, a qual não corresponde às fórmulas habituais da Sintaxe, nem ao coração da doutrina sobre a relação de complementaridade entre nome e pronome do “Livro II” desta, o qual se admite ser posterior ao Acerca do pronome e constituir uma síntese do ensinamento do gramático grego. Apolônio manusearia, então, de maneira implícita, não só os dois sentidos de substância como qualidade substancial e como propriedade de significação vinculada de modo próprio ao pronome, mas também um terceiro sentido de substância, o de substância-substrato

Safety Monitoring in Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine Trials: Description, Challenges, and Lessons

Background. The determination of the safety profile of any vaccine is critical to its widespread use in any population. In addition, the application of international guidelines to fit local context could be a challenging but important step toward obtaining quality safety data. Methods. In clinical studies of PsA-TT (MenAfriVac), safety was monitored immediately after vaccination, at 4-7 days for postimmunization local and systemic reactions, within 28 days for adverse events, and throughout the duration of study for serious adverse events. Initial and ongoing training of sites' staff were undertaken during the studies, and a data and safety monitoring board reviewed all the data during and after the studies. Results. The safety of PsA-TT was evaluated according to international standards despite obvious challenges in remote areas where these studies were conducted. These challenges included the need for uniformity of methods, timely reporting in the context of frequent communication problems, occurrence of seasonal diseases such as malaria and rotavirus diarrhea, and healthcare systems that required improvement. Conclusions. The trials of PsA-TT highlighted the value of a robust vaccine development plan and design so that lessons learned in initial studies were incorporated into the subsequent ones, initial training and periodic retraining, strict monitoring of all procedures, and continuous channel of communication with all stakeholders that enabled the application of international requirements to local settings, with high quality of dat

A Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Active Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety of MenAfriVac in Healthy Malians

Background. A safe, affordable, and highly immunogenic meningococcal A conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT, MenAfriVac) was developed to control epidemic group A meningitis in Africa. Documentation of the safety specifications of the PsA-TT vaccine was warranted, with sufficient exposure to detect potential rare vaccine-related adverse reactions. Methods. This phase 3, double-blind, randomized, active controlled clinical study was designed to evaluate the safety—primarily vaccine-related serious adverse events (SAEs)—up to 3 months after administration of a single dose of the PsA-TT vaccine to subjects aged 1-29 years in Mali. Safety outcomes were also compared to those following a single dose of a licensed meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide vaccine (PsACWY). Results. No vaccine-related SAEs occurred during the 3 months of follow-up of 4004 subjects vaccinated with a single dose of PsA-TT. When compared to PsACWY (1996 subjects), tenderness at the injection site appeared to be more frequent in the PsA-TT group. However, rates of local induration, systemic reactions, adverse events (AEs), and SAEs were similar in both groups, and unsolicited AEs and SAEs were all unrelated to the study vaccines. Conclusions. The study confirmed on a large scale the excellent safety profile of a single dose of PsA-TT when administered to its entire target population of 1-29 years of age. Clinical Trials Registration. PACTR ATMR20100300019131

Shank2 Mutant Mice Display Hyperactivity Insensitive to Methylphenidate and Reduced Flexibility in Social Motivation, but Normal Social Recognition

Mouse models of autism can be used to study evolutionarily conserved mechanisms underlying behavioral abnormalities in social communication and repetitive behaviors. SHANK genes code for synaptic scaffolding proteins at excitatory synapses and mutations in all SHANK genes have been associated with autism. Here, we present three behavioral aspects of the mutant mice deleted for exon 16 in Shank2. First, we treated Shank2 mutant mice with methylphenidate to rescue the hyperactivity. Our failure to do so suggests that the hyperactivity displayed by Shank2 mutant mice is not related to the one displayed by the typical mouse models of hyperactivity, and might be more closely related to manic-like behaviors. Second, by testing the effect of group housing and social isolation on social interest, we highlighted that Shank2 mutant mice lack the typical flexibility to modulate social interest, in comparison with wild-type littermates. Finally, we established a new protocol to test for social recognition in a social context. We used this protocol to show that Shank2 mutant mice were able to discriminate familiar and unknown conspecifics in free interactions. Altogether, these studies shed some light on specific aspects of the behavioral defects displayed by the Shank2 mouse model. Such information could be used to orient therapeutic strategies and to design more specific tests to characterize the complex behavior of mouse models of autism

INSPEX: design and integration of a portable/wearable smart spatial exploration system

The INSPEX H2020 project main objective is to integrate automotive-equivalent spatial exploration and obstacle detection functionalities into a portable/wearable multi-sensor, miniaturised, low power device. The INSPEX system will detect and localise in real-time static and mobile obstacles under various environmental conditions in 3D. Potential applications range from safer human navigation in reduced visibility, small robot/drone obstacle avoidance systems to navigation for the visually/mobility impaired, this latter being the primary use-case considered in the project

INSPEX: Make environment perception available as a portable system

Obstacle avoidance systems for autonomous vehicles combine multiple sensing technologies (i.e. LiDAR, Radar, Ultrasound and Visual) to detect different types of obstacles across the full range of lighting and weather conditions. Sensor data are fused with vehicle orientation (obtained for instance from an Inertial Measurement Unit and/or compass) and navigation subsystems. Power hungry, they require powerful computational capability, which limits their use to high-end vehicles and robots

Antibody Persistence 1-5 Years Following Vaccination With MenAfriVac in African Children Vaccinated at 12-23 Months of Age.

BACKGROUND: Following mass vaccination campaigns in the African meningitis belt with group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac (PsA-TT), disease due to group A meningococci has nearly disappeared. Antibody persistence in healthy African toddlers was investigated. METHODS: African children vaccinated at 12-23 months of age with PsA-TT were followed for evaluation of antibody persistence up to 5 years after primary vaccination. Antibody persistence was evaluated by measuring group A serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) with rabbit complement and by a group A-specific IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Group A antibodies measured by SBA and ELISA were shown to decline in the year following vaccination and plateaued at levels significantly above baseline for up to 5 years following primary vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of PsA-TT induces long-term sustained levels of group A meningococcal antibodies for up to 5 years after vaccination. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ISRTCN78147026

Ethical Challenges and Lessons Learned During the Clinical Development of a Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine.

BACKGROUND: The group A meningococcal vaccine (PsA-TT) clinical development plan included clinical trials in India and in the West African region between 2005 and 2013. During this period, the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) accumulated substantial experience in the ethical conduct of research to the highest standards. METHODS: Because of the public-private nature of the sponsorship of these trials and the extensive international collaboration with partners from a diverse setting of countries, the ethical review process was complex and required strategic, timely, and attentive communication to ensure the smooth review and approval for the clinical studies. Investigators and their site teams fostered strong community relationships prior to, during, and after the studies to ensure the involvement and the ownership of the research by the participating populations. As the clinical work proceeded, investigators and sponsors responded to specific questions of informed consent, pregnancy testing, healthcare, disease prevention, and posttrial access. RESULTS: Key factors that led to success included (1) constant dialogue between partners to explore and answer all ethical questions; (2) alertness and preparedness for emerging ethical questions during the research and in the context of evolving international ethics standards; and (3) care to assure that approaches were acceptable in the diverse community contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Many of the ethical issues encountered during the PsA-TT clinical development are familiar to groups conducting field trials in different cultural settings. The successful approaches used by the MVP clinical team offer useful examples of how these problems were resolved. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ISRCTN17662153 (PsA-TT-001); ISRTCN78147026 (PsA-TT-002); ISRCTN87739946 (PsA-TT-003); ISRCTN46335400 (PsA-TT-003a); ISRCTN82484612 (PsA-TT-004); CTRI/2009/091/000368 (PsA-TT-005); PACTR ATMR2010030001913177 (PsA-TT-006); PACTR201110000328305 (PsA-TT-007)