La traduction de The Scarlet Letter (Nathaniel Hawthorne) par Marie Canavaggia : étude selon les perspectives de Pierre Bourdieu et d’Antoine Berman

Marie Canavaggia est l’une des traductrices en vue des oeuvres majeures des littératures américaine et anglaise au XXe siècle. Le rôle qu’elle a joué et l’influence qu’elle a eue en France et dans les pays francophones ont permis aux lecteurs français de découvrir les grands textes des littératures de langue anglaise. Notre réflexion sur cette importante traductrice s’inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie sociologique de Pierre Bourdieu adaptée à la traductologie et, accessoirement, dans celui de certaines idées d’Antoine Berman en traduction littéraire. Nous avons tenté de saisir l’habitus – notion que nous avons préalablement définie – de Marie Canavaggia en examinant sa biographie (les données biographiques factuelles en particulier) ainsi qu’en présentant une analyse contrastive de l’une de ses traductions reconnues, La Lettre écarlate de Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nous concluons en dégageant les éléments qui permettent de mieux cerner l’influence de Marie Canavaggia sur la littérature française et sur la traduction dans le domaine littéraire.Marie Canavaggia is one of the few prominent translators of major works of American and English literature in the 20th century. Her role and influence in France and in French-speaking countries gave French readers the opportunity to discover key texts of English-language literatures. Our study of this important translator lies within the framework of Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory and, secondarily, is informed by Antoine Berman’s thoughts on literary translation. To develop an understanding of Marie Canavaggia’s habitus—a concept it was first necessary to clarify—this study examines her biography (factual biographical information in particular) and presents a contrastive analysis of her translation of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter. It concludes by highlighting the elements that make it possible to better define Marie Canavaggia’s influence on French literature and literary translation

Les contes mythologiques de A wonder-book for girls and boys et Tanglewood tales de Nathaniel Hawthorne traduits dans l'espace culturel français pour les jeunes par Léonce Rabillon, Henry Borjane et Pierre Leyris

The texts analysed are two books for children by Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys and Tanglewood Tales respectively published in 1851 and 1853. There are three French translations of these works: (1) Le livre des merveilles ±première partie» (1858) and Le livre des merveilles ±deuxième partie» (1858) translated by Léonce Rabillon. (2) De merveilleuses histoires (1928) and Les contes prodigieux (1939) translated by Henry Borjane. (3) Le livre des merveilles (1952) translated by Pierre Leyris. We present the theoretical concepts behind this study, examine the biography of the writer (Hawthorne), analyse the critical reception of the two works in English and French as well as the habitus of the three translators/adapter and present an analysis of the three translations/adaptation. We conclude with a sociological synthesis on the data obtained in this thesis

Régionalisation du pool génique québécois : analyse du devenir des gènes fondateurs

Plusieurs maladies héréditaires ont des incidences anormalement élevées dans certaines régions du Québec. L'objectif de cette étude est de vérifier la présence de différences dans l'évolution des gènes fondateurs de cinq populations du Québec: Beauce, Charlevoix, Rimouski, Saguenay et Terrebonne. À partir d'un corpus de 378 généalogies ascendantes réalisé parmi ces cinq régions, une première série de 50 (XX) simulations fut effectuée en utilisant la méthode du Gene-Dropping. Les résultats révèlent que les populations de Charlevoix et du Saguenay présentent les fondateurs ayant les meilleures probabilités d'atteindre différentes fréquences de porteurs parmi la population contemporaine. Les distributions de probabilités permettent de constater une évolution semblable des gènes fondateurs pour Charlevoix et le Saguenay mais distincte pour les autres populations, ceci étant attribuable à des comportements socio-reproducteurs différents

Épidémiologie spatiale de la campylobactériose au Québec

La campylobactériose représente la principale cause de gastro-entérite bactérienne dans les pays industrialisés. L’épidémiologie de la maladie est complexe, impliquant plusieurs sources et voies de transmission. L’objectif principal de ce projet était d’étudier les facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans le risque de campylobactériose et les aspects méthodologiques pertinents à cette problématique à partir des cas humains déclarés au Québec (Canada) entre 1996 et 2006. Un schéma conceptuel des sources et voies de transmission de Campylobacter a d’abord été proposé suivant une synthèse des connaissances épidémiologiques tirées d’une revue de littérature extensive. Le risque d’une récurrence de campylobactériose a ensuite été décrit selon les caractéristiques des patients à partir de tables de survie et de modèles de régression logistique. Comparativement au risque de campylobactériose dans la population générale, le risque d’un épisode récurrent était plus élevé pour les quatre années suivant un épisode. Ce risque était similaire entre les genres, mais plus élevé pour les personnes de régions rurales et plus faible pour les enfants de moins de quatre ans. Ces résultats suggèrent une absence d’immunité durable ou de résilience clinique suivant un épisode déclaré et/ou une ré-exposition périodique. L’objectif suivant portait sur le choix de l’unité géographique dans les études écologiques. Neuf critères mesurables ont été proposés, couvrant la pertinence biologique, la communicabilité, l’accès aux données, la distribution des variables d’exposition, des cas et de la population, ainsi que la forme de l’unité. Ces critères ont été appliqués à des unités géographiques dérivées de cadre administratif, sanitaire ou naturel. La municipalité affichait la meilleure performance, étant donné les objectifs spécifiques considérés. Les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et diverses variables (densité de volailles, densité de ruminants, abattoirs, température, précipitations, densité de population, pourcentage de diplomation) ont ensuite été comparées pour sept unités géographiques différentes en utilisant des modèles conditionnels autorégressifs. Le nombre de variables statistiquement significatives variait selon le degré d’agrégation, mais la direction des associations était constante. Les unités plus agrégées tendaient à démontrer des forces d’association plus élevées, mais plus variables, à l’exception de l’abattoir. Cette étude a souligné l’importance du choix de l’unité géographique d’analyse lors d’une utilisation d’un devis d’étude écologique. Finalement, les associations entre l’incidence de campylobactériose et des caractéristiques environnementales ont été décrites selon quatre groupes d’âge et deux périodes saisonnières d’après une étude écologique. Un modèle de Poisson multi-niveau a été utilisé pour la modélisation, avec la municipalité comme unité. Une densité de ruminant élevée était positivement associée avec l’incidence de campylobactériose, avec une force d’association diminuant selon l’âge. Une densité de volailles élevée et la présence d’un abattoir de volailles à fort volume d’abattage étaient également associées à une incidence plus élevée, mais seulement pour les personnes de 16 à 34 ans. Des associations ont également été détectées avec la densité de population et les précipitations. À l’exception de la densité de population, les associations étaient constantes entre les périodes saisonnières. Un contact étroit avec les animaux de ferme explique le plus vraisemblablement les associations trouvées. La spécificité d’âge et de saison devrait être considérée dans les études futures sur la campylobactériose et dans l’élaboration de mesures préventives.Campylobacteriosis is a leading cause of acute bacterial gastro-enteritis in industrialized countries. The epidemiology of the disease is complex, involving many sources and transmission pathways. The principal objective of this project was to study environmental factors and methodological aspects pertinent to the spatial epidemiology of human campylobacteriosis using cases reported in Quebec (Canada) between 1996 and 2006. A conceptual diagram of sources and transmission pathways of Campylobacter was first proposed following a synthesis of current epidemiological knowledge based on a comprehensive literature review. The risk of recurrent episodes in relation to patient characteristics was described. Life table estimates and logistic regression were used for modeling. Compared to campylobacteriosis risk in the general population, the risk for a recurrent disease event was higher for a period of four years with a decreasing trend. This increased risk was similar across gender but higher for people from rural areas and lower for children under four years old. These results may suggest the absence of durable immunity or clinical resilience following a first episode and/or periodic re-exposure, at least among reported cases. Next, criteria were proposed and applied to ascertain the best geographical unit to use. Nine measurable criteria were proposed, including biological relevance, communicability of results, ease of data access, distribution of exposure variables, cases and population, and unit shape. These criteria were applied to various geographical units derived from administrative, health services and natural frameworks. Ultimately, the municipal geographical unit performed the best, given the specific objectives of the study. Future research areas for optimizing the choice of geographical unit were discussed. Another objective was to estimate and compare the associations between incidence and various environmental characteristics (poultry density, ruminant density, slaughterhouse, temperature, and precipitation) and demographic characteristics (population density, diploma) using seven different geographical units. Conditional autoregressive models were used for statistical modeling. In general, the number of significant predictors decreased as the aggregation level increased but directions of associations were consistent. More aggregated scales tended to show larger but more variable estimates for all variables, with the exception of the presence of slaughterhouses. This study highlighted the need for careful selection and analysis of geographical units when using ecological designs in epidemiological studies. Finally, the association between environmental characteristics and incidence in relation to four age groups and deux seasonal periods was studied. A multi-level Poisson regression model was used for modeling at the municipal level. High ruminant density was positively associated with incidence but decreased with age. High poultry density and presence of a large poultry slaughterhouse were also associated with higher incidence for people aged 16-34. Associations were also detected with population density and average daily precipitation. Except for population density, associations were constant across seasonal periods. Close contact with farm animals is most likely involved in the associations observed. Clearly, age and season must be considered in future studies on campylobacteriosis and in the design of preventive measures

Chicken Caecal Microbiome Modifications Induced by Campylobacter jejuni Colonization and by a Non-Antibiotic Feed Additive

[À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Fac. Méd. vétérinaire - Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes]Campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic foodborne pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Chickens are often colonized at very high numbers by C. jejuni, up to 109 CFU per gram of caecal content, with no detrimental effects on their health. Farm control strategies are being developed to lower the C. jejuni contamination of chicken food products in an effort to reduce human campylobacteriosis incidence. It is believed that intestinal microbiome composition may affect gut colonization by such undesirable bacteria but, although the chicken microbiome is being increasingly characterized, information is lacking on the factors affecting its modulation, especially by foodborne pathogens. This study monitored the effects of C. jejuni chicken caecal colonization on the chicken microbiome in healthy chickens. It also evaluated the capacity of a feed additive to affect caecal bacterial populations and to lower C. jejuni colonization. From day-0, chickens received or not a microencapsulated feed additive and were inoculated or not with C. jejuni at 14 days of age. Fresh caecal content was harvested at 35 days of age. The caecal microbiome was characterized by real time quantitative PCR and Ion Torrent sequencing. We observed that the feed additive lowered C. jejuni caecal count by 0.7 log (p<0.05). Alpha-diversity of the caecal microbiome was not affected by C. jejuni colonization or by the feed additive. C. jejuni colonization modified the caecal beta-diversity while the feed additive did not. We observed that C. jejuni colonization was associated with an increase of Bifidobacterium and affected Clostridia and Mollicutes relative abundances. The feed additive was associated with a lower Streptococcus relative abundance. The caecal microbiome remained relatively unchanged despite high C. jejuni colonization. The feed additive was efficient in lowering C. jejuni colonization while not disturbing the caecal microbiome

Prevalence of shedding and antibody to Coxiella burnetii in post-partum dairy cows and its association with reproductive tract diseases and performance : a pilot study

The bacterium Coxiella burnetii has been associated with reproduction disorders in dairy cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Québec, Canada, to estimate the prevalence of C. burnetii in dairy cows from C. burnetii RT-PCR-positive and/or ELISA-positive herds. As a secondary objective, the associations between C. burnetii-positivity and three reproductive outcomes (purulent vaginal discharge, cytological endometritis, and success at first service) were assessed. A total of 202 post-parturient dairy cows from nine herds were sampled at 35 ± 7 days in milk. Vaginal mucus and composite milk were collected from each cow and screened for the presence of C. burnetii by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA, respectively. Purulent vaginal discharge and cytological endometritis were evaluated using a Metricheck device and a modified cytobrush, respectively. The first insemination postpartum was done following an ovulation synchronization protocol around 70 days in milk, and success at first service was recorded. Multilevel logistic regressions adjusted for parity were used to model purulent vaginal discharge, cytological endometritis and success at first service according to C. burnetii cow status. All 202 RT-PCR-assayed vaginal samples were C. burnetii-negative. A positive result for anti-C. burnetii antibodies detection in composite milk was obtained in 25/202 samples and a doubtful result in 4/202 samples. After adjustment for sampling weights, the 202 ELISA-assayed composite milk samples gave an estimated overall prevalence of C. burnetii positive cows of 12.9 % (CI = 6.1–19.6 %) and of doubtful cows of 1.4 % (CI = 0.0–3.3 %). The proportion of ELISA-positive cows was lower in first parity (0%) compared to second (17.1 %) or third parity cows (20.0 %). The associations between ELISA positivity and reproductive outcomes were not statistically significant, perhaps due to the limited sample size, but could be used as pilot estimate for large-scale studies investigating the impact of C. burnetii infection on reproduction disorders in dairy cattle

Impact of mash feeding versus pellets on propionic/butyric acid levels and on total Escherichia coli load in the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

Feed characteristics may influence the bacterial community composition and metabolic activities in the pig gastrointestinal tract, known to be associated with positive effects on the gut. Use of mash feed is associated with reduced Salmonella excretion, but little is known of its effect on the Escherichia coli population or of the mechanism of action. Our objectives were to assess the effect of feed texture combined with feed particle size on VFA profiles and levels, total E. coli count, and the presence of genes encoding virulence factors of pathogenic E. coli strains in the digestive tract along with their impact on pig performance of fattening pigs. Pigs (n = 840) on a commercial farm received mash or pellet diets of different particle sizes during the fattening period. Caecal and colon contents from 164 pigs were sampled at the slaughterhouse for enumeration of E. coli by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and for VFA quantification by capillary gas chromatography. The yccT gene was used to enumerate total E. coli. Improved pig performances associated with pellet texture and a 500-μm size were observed. Caecal (P = 0.02) and colon (P < 0.01) propionic acid concentrations were lower for pigs receiving pellet rather than mash feed. Similarly, caecal (P = 0.01) and colon (P < 0.001) butyric acid concentrations were also lower for pigs receiving pellet rather than mash feed, as determined by capillary gas chromatography. Moreover, caecal (P = 0.03) and colon (P < 0.001) butyric acid concentrations were higher for pigs receiving a feed with a 1,250-μm particle size rather than a 500-μm particle size. On the other hand, total caecal and colon E. coli levels were higher for pigs receiving pellet feed than for those receiving mash feed. For total E. coli enumeration, caecal (P < 0.01) and colon (P < 0.01) yccT gene copies were higher for pigs receiving pellet rather than mash feed. No effect of particle size on fatty acid concentrations or on E. coli numbers was observed. Virulence gene quantification revealed no trend. Taken together, results showed that mash feed is associated with lower growth performance but with favorable intestinal changes linked to VFA levels and E. coli reduction in the intestine

Epidemiological study of Coxiella burnetii in dairy cattle and small ruminants in Québec, Canada

The bacterium Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) can infect a wide range of animals, most notably ruminants where it causes mainly asymptomatic infections and, when clinical, it is associated with reproductive disorders such as abortion. It is also the etiological agent of Q fever in humans, a zoonosis of increasingly important public health concern. A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the apparent prevalence and spatial distribution of C. burnetii positivity in dairy cattle and small ruminant herds of two regions of Québec, Canada, and identify potential risk factors associated with positivity at animal and herd levels. In dairy cattle herds, individual fecal samples and repeated bulk tank milk samples (BTM) were collected. In small ruminant herds, serum and feces were sampled in individual animals. ELISA analyses were performed on serum and BTM samples. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was done on fecal and BTM samples. An animal was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one sample was revealed positive by ELISA and/or qPCR, while a herd was considered C. burnetii-positive when at least one animal inside that herd was revealed positive. None of the 155 cows had a qPCR-positive fecal sample, whereas 37.2 % (95 % CI = 25.3–49.1) of the 341 sheep and 49.2 % (95 % CI = 25.6–72.7) of the 75 goats were C. burnetii-positive. The apparent prevalence of C. burnetii-positive herds was 47.3 % (95 % CI = 35.6–59.3) in dairy cattle herds (n = 74), 69.6 % (95 % CI = 47.1–86.8) in sheep flocks (n = 23) and 66.7 % (95 % CI = 22.3–95.7) in goat herds (n = 6). No spatial cluster of positive herds was detected. At the individual level, the only significant association with positivity in multivariable regressions was higher parity number in small ruminants. At the herd level, the use of calving group pen, the distance to the closest positive bovine herd, and small ruminant herd density in a 5 km radius were associated with dairy cattle herd positivity, whereas small ruminant herds with more than 100 animals and with a dog on the farm had greater odds of C. burnetii positivity. Our study shows that the infection is frequent on dairy cattle and small ruminant herds from the two studied regions and that some farm and animal characteristics might influence the transmission dynamics of the C. burnetii infection

The coordinate actions of calcineurin and Hog1 mediate the stress response through multiple nodes of the cell cycle network

Upon exposure to environmental stressors, cells transiently arrest the cell cycle while they adapt and restore homeostasis. A challenge for all cells is to distinguish between stress signals and coordinate the appropriate adaptive response with cell cycle arrest. Here we investigate the role of the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in the stress response and demonstrate that CN activates the Hog1/p38 pathway in both yeast and human cells. In yeast, the MAPK Hog1 is transiently activated in response to several well-studied osmostressors. We show that when a stressor simultaneously activates CN and Hog1, CN disrupts Hog1-stimulated negative feedback to prolong Hog1 activation and the period of cell cycle arrest. Regulation of Hog1 by CN also contributes to inactivation of multiple cell cycle-regulatory transcription factors (TFs) and the decreased expression of cell cycle-regulated genes. CN-dependent downregulation of G1/S genes is dependent upon Hog1 activation, whereas CN inactivates G2/M TFs through a combination of Hog1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that CN and Hog1 act in a coordinated manner to inhibit multiple nodes of the cell cycle-regulatory network. Our results suggest that crosstalk between CN and stress-activated MAPKs helps cells tailor their adaptive responses to specific stressors

Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii seropositivity and shedding in farm, pet and feral cats and associated risk factors in farm cats in Quebec, Canada

Cats represent a potential source of Coxiella burnetii, the aetiological agent of Q fever in humans. The prevalence and risk factors of C. burnetii infection in farm, pet and feral cats were studied in Quebec, Canada, using a cross-sectional study. Serum samples were tested using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against C. burnetii, whereas rectal swabs were assayed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for the molecular detection of the bacteria. Potential risk factors for farm cats were investigated using clinical examinations, questionnaires and results from a concurrent study on C. burnetii farm status. A total of 184 cats were tested: 59 from ruminant farms, 73 pets and 52 feral cats. Among farm cats, 2/59 (3.4%) were ELISA-positive, 3/59 (5.1%) were ELISA-doubtful and 1/59 (1.7%) was qPCR-positive. All pets and feral cats were negative to C. burnetii ELISA and qPCR. Farm cat positivity was associated with a positive C. burnetii status on the ruminant farm (prevalence ratio = 7.6, P = 0.03). Our results suggest that although pet and feral cats do not seem to pose a great C. burnetii risk to public health, more active care should be taken when in contact with cats from ruminant farms