The experiences and perceptions of 6 NGO leaders on the role and value of formal and informal learning in leadership continuity in the NGO sector across 3 historical periods in South Africa

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-92).In this research study I explore the role and value of formal and informal learning in leadership continuity in South Africa. In order to do this I look at the experiences and perceptions of 6 NGO leaders in South Africa whom I locate within three historical periods. Within this context, I also explore the shifts in leadership and modes of learning, which I argue and based on my data analysis, were accompanied by broader shifts in the power relations in South Africa post 1994. I highlight three informal modes of learning that were dominant in the first historical period namely, experiential learning, popular education and situated learning which became eroded in the second and third historical periods and substituted by more formal learning processes. My study found that in the latter part of the third historical period there was a resurgence of more informal learning processes in line with an emergent and developing social movement that questioned the continued power imbalances in society. In conducting this study my research methodology was informed by an interpretive and qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews with the 6 NGO leaders employed as the primary means of data collection. Based on my findings, I discovered that the NGO sector has experienced a leadership discontinuity further exacerbated by a disruption of learning processes with serious implications for transfer of knowledge, skills and experiences In answering my main research question I found that effective leadership continuity to enhance sustainable organizations can best be facilitated through informal learning processes where, within a community of practice, these processes are more respected and valorised. I also found that formal learning processes will best be effective if it can be complementary to but not a substitute for these informal learning processes. I also found that the conflation of training with learning and the dualism between formal and informal learning are not very helpful in understanding leadership development and continuity in the NGO sector. Another important finding that this research study highlights is the importance of appreciating the dynamic interrelationship between the macro power alignments represented by the state and the economy and the micro power relationships represented by leadership and learning within a community of practice

Parent-centred and culturally-competent literacies for health promotion with newly arrived African communities : a literature review

When considering culturally competent health literacy in newly arrived communities the following key concepts are important: Health literacy and literacy - People practice and use literacy in many ways. People use text or the written word, oral literacy (or the spoken word), visual literacy (or images) and technological literacy (through the use of information and communication technologies). They also draw on other people who mediate health-related information. People’s identities and their access to social networks shape their use of literacy practices and their engagement with health promoting activities. Literacy practices are not static. Initiatives to improve health literacy need to be responsive to the social context (e.g. migration experience; life history; gender; ethnicity; religion; life stage; education) and integrate expertise from both the health promotion and the adult literacy fields. Collectivism and authoritarianism - Most western cultures, such as Australia, support an environment that promotes individualism. With parenting, this translates to parenting styles that place high priority on children’s autonomy, individual achievement, self-expression and egalitarianism. However, African (and other) cultures place a high priority on collectivism and authoritarianism as the norm. Authoritarianism is characterized by the imposition of an absolute set of standards, the valuing of obedience and respect for authority. In this sense the collectivist cultures discourage self-assertion and autonomy, and the goal of parenting is the promotion of interdependence, cooperation, compliance without discussion, and inhibition of personal wishes. Acculturation - Acculturation of immigrants and refugees is a complex and dynamic interaction that takes place between groups settling in the host country and the people, culture, environment, politics and systems of the new country. The impact of acculturation on the health and wellbeing of new arrivals is significant and there are several models of acculturation described in the literature. A way to support health appears to be through a combination of maintenance of beneficial traditional elements of life as well as adopting useful host cultural skills. Cultural competence - The literature frames ‘cultural competence’ as the evolution of the terms cultural sensitivity and cultural awareness. The concept is important as it shifts focus from the individual to the organisation and systems. The ethos of cultural competence is a reflective practice and ongoing process of learning, valuing and interacting crossculturally at an individual, organisation and system level

The Grizzly, September 12, 1986

Patterns Passes Midpoint • Future of Dorms Fuzzy • Rutgers Rough For Lady Bears • Bomberger Organizes Itself • Pottstown Reich Cracks Down on Cruising • Ursinus\u27 Colors: A Long Tradition • Letter: Maples: The Place Just Ain\u27t the Same • Clean up Cans • The Private Eye • Infirmary Info • AXE: Fraternity With a Difference • Bodolus Bounces Back • Men\u27s and Women\u27s X-Country Off and Running • U.C. Does Dorneyhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1167/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, September 12, 1986

Patterns Passes Midpoint • Future of Dorms Fuzzy • Rutgers Rough For Lady Bears • Bomberger Organizes Itself • Pottstown Reich Cracks Down on Cruising • Ursinus\u27 Colors: A Long Tradition • Letter: Maples: The Place Just Ain\u27t the Same • Clean up Cans • The Private Eye • Infirmary Info • AXE: Fraternity With a Difference • Bodolus Bounces Back • Men\u27s and Women\u27s X-Country Off and Running • U.C. Does Dorneyhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1167/thumbnail.jp

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

LSST Science Book, Version 2.0

A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over 20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo

Research on Emerging Infections Offers an Opportunity for Public Health Intelligence on Non-Communicable Diseases: Hypertension Prevalence in Volunteers for an Ebola Vaccine Trial in Northern Sierra Leone

Introduction: The West African Ebola outbreak of 2014–2016 necessitated clinical trials in communities with limited health data. The EBOVAC-Salone Ebola vaccine trial is ongoing in the largely rural Kambia District in northern Sierra Leone. To gain a baseline insight into our local noncommunicable disease (NCD) epidemiology, we examined screening blood pressure (BP) measurements in trial volunteers. Methods: BP involved taking multiple readings using an Omron M6 sphygmomanometer in rested individuals. We classified BP by the European 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines: optimal BP, normal or high-normal BP, or hypertension (systolic ≥ 140 mmHg ± diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg) with Grade 1, 2, or 3 (G1HT, G2HT, G3HT) severity levels. Results: Of 870 volunteers, 220 (25.3%) had optimal BP, 236 (27.13%) had normal BP, and 250 (28.7%) had high-normal BP. The remaining 164 (18.9%) were hypertensive. By gender, 16.5% (109/668) of males and 27.2% (55/202) of females were hypertensive. Among hypertensives, 62.2% had G1HT, 18.3% had G2HT, and 19.5% had G3HT. Twenty-two (13.4%) were previously diagnosed, with eight on treatment. Forty-one had isolated systolic hypertension. The prevalence significantly increased with age (p < 0.0001), with 5.3% (27/514) in the age-category 18–29 y, 18.6% (29/156) in 30–39 y, 49.4% (84/170) in 40–59 y, and 80% (24/30) in ≥60 y. The severity also increased with age, with 54.9% of G1HT, 76.7% of G2HT, and 90.7% of G3HT being aged ≥ 40 y. In total, 36.6% (60/164) of hypertensives were overweight or obese. Discussion: In an economically disadvantaged, Ebola-affected rural West African community where NCD might not traditionally be thought prevalent, almost one in five adults were found to be hypertensive and were mostly unaware. Additionally, nearly one in three had high-normal BP. Together, these findings portend a potent, largely silent, and potentially growing NCD threat, and illustrate that infectious disease (ID) studies could provide opportunities for pragmatic NCD data. As both ID and NCD are putatively promoted by overlapping pro-inflammatory and poverty-driven factors, a cross-paradigmatic “multiplex” approach, whereby ID studies prospectively incorporate NCD-related sub-studies (and vice versa), might optimize limited research resources for enhanced public health benefit

An Uncertain Dominion: Irish Psychiatry, Methadone, and the Treatment of Opiate Abuse

This paper investigates some productive ambiguities around the medical administration of methadone in the Republic of Ireland. The tensions surrounding methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) are outlined, as well as the sociohistorical context in which a serious heroin addiction problem in Ireland developed. Irish psychiatry intervened in this situation, during a time of institutional change, debates concerning the nature of addiction, moral panics concerning heroin addiction in Irish society and the recent boom in the Irish economy, known popularly as the Celtic Tiger. A particular history of this sort illuminates how technologies like MMT become cosmopolitan, settling into, while changing, local contexts

Safety and immunogenicity of an Ad26.ZEBOV booster dose in children previously vaccinated with the two-dose heterologous Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen: an open-label, non-randomised, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Children account for a substantial proportion of cases and deaths during Ebola virus disease outbreaks. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a booster dose of the Ad26.ZEBOV vaccine in children who had been vaccinated with a two-dose regimen comprising Ad26.ZEBOV as dose one and MVA-BN-Filo as dose two. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, non-randomised, phase 2 trial at one clinic in Kambia Town, Sierra Leone. Healthy children, excluding pregnant or breastfeeding girls, who had received the Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen in a previous study, and were aged 1-11 years at the time of their first vaccine dose, received an intramuscular injection of Ad26.ZEBOV (5 × 1010 viral particles) and were followed up for 28 days. Primary outcomes were safety (measured by adverse events) and immunogenicity (measured by Ebola virus glycoprotein-specific IgG binding antibody geometric mean concentration) of the booster vaccine dose. Safety was assessed in all participants who received the booster vaccination; immunogenicity was assessed in all participants who received the booster vaccination, had at least one evaluable sample after the booster, and had no major protocol deviations that could have influenced the immune response. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04711356. FINDINGS: Between July 8 and Aug 18, 2021, 58 children were assessed for eligibility and 50 (27 aged 4-7 years and 23 aged 9-15 years) were enrolled and received an Ad26.ZEBOV booster vaccination, more than 3 years after receiving dose one of the Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen. The booster was well tolerated. The most common solicited local adverse event during the 7 days after vaccination was injection site pain, reported in 18 (36%, 95% CI 23-51) of 50 participants. The most common solicited systemic adverse event during the 7 days after vaccination was headache, reported in 11 (22%, 12-36) of 50 participants. Malaria was the most common unsolicited adverse event during the 28 days after vaccination, reported in 25 (50%, 36-64) of 50 participants. No serious adverse events were observed during the study period. 7 days after vaccination, the Ebola virus glycoprotein-specific IgG binding antibody geometric mean concentration was 28 561 ELISA units per mL (95% CI 20 255-40 272), which was 44 times higher than the geometric mean concentration before the booster dose. 21 days after vaccination, the geometric mean concentration reached 64 690 ELISA units per mL (95% CI 48 356-86 541), which was 101 times higher than the geometric mean concentration before the booster dose. INTERPRETATION: A booster dose of Ad26.ZEBOV in children who had received the two-dose Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo vaccine regimen more than 3 years earlier was well tolerated and induced a rapid and robust increase in binding antibodies against Ebola virus. These findings could inform Ebola vaccination strategies in paediatric populations. FUNDING: Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking. TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section