Human vagus nerve branching in the cervical region

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation is increasingly applied to treat epilepsy, psychiatric conditions and potentially chronic heart failure. After implanting vagus nerve electrodes to the cervical vagus nerve, side effects such as voice alterations and dyspnea or missing therapeutic effects are observed at different frequencies. Cervical vagus nerve branching might partly be responsible for these effects. However, vagus nerve branching has not yet been described in the context of vagus nerve stimulation. Materials and methods: Branching of the cervical vagus nerve was investigated macroscopically in 35 body donors (66 cervical sides) in the carotid sheath. After X-ray imaging for determining the vertebral levels of cervical vagus nerve branching, samples were removed to confirm histologically the nerve and to calculate cervical vagus nerve diameters and cross-sections. Results: Cervical vagus nerve branching was observed in 29%of all cases (26% unilaterally, 3% bilaterally) and proven histologically in all cases. Right-sided branching (22%) was more common than left-sided branching (12%) and occurred on the level of the fourth and fifth vertebra on the left and on the level of the second to fifth vertebra on the right side. Vagus nerves without branching were significantly larger than vagus nerves with branches, concerning their diameters (4.79mm vs. 3.78mm) and cross-sections (7.24 mm2 vs. 5.28mm2). Discussion: Cervical vagus nerve branching is considerably more frequent than described previously. The side-dependent differences of vagus nerve branching may be linked to the asymmetric effects of the vagus nerve. Cervical vagus nerve branching should be taken into account when identifying main trunk of the vagus nerve for implanting electrodes to minimize potential side effects or lacking therapeutic benefits of vagus nerve stimulation

X-rays obtained from the cervical spine of a 69 year-old male in the anterior-posterior (3a) and in the lateral projection (3b).

<p>Metal needles indicate the most cranial and caudal part of the vagus nerve that could be visualized with the surgical approach to the carotid triangle. d = dorsal, l = left, r = right, v = ventral; scale bar = 10 mm.</p

Images taken during dissection of the cervical vagus nerve (CVN) in the carotid sheath.

<p>Fig. 1a shows a left-sided CVN without branching and Fig. 1c-d CVN with branches on the left side (1b) or on the right side (1c,d). Arrows indicate the branches. C = (common or internal) carotid artery, J = internal jugular vein, O = superior venter of the omohyoideus muscle; cd = caudal, cr = cranial, m = medial, l = lateral; scale bar = 15 mm (a,b), 12 mm (c,d).</p

Hematoxylin-eosin stained histology samples obtained from the vagus nerve (2a) and from a vagus nerve branch (2b) for evaluating the existence of nerve fibers.

<p>A = arterial branch from the inferior thyroid artery, E = epineurium; scale bar = 500 μm.</p

X-rays obtained from the cervical spine of a 69 year-old male in the anterior-posterior (3a) and in the lateral projection (3b).

<p>Metal needles indicate the most cranial and caudal part of the vagus nerve that could be visualized with the surgical approach to the carotid triangle. d = dorsal, l = left, r = right, v = ventral; scale bar = 10 mm.</p

Baseline characteristics such as donors’ age and gender are given and the extent to which the vagus nerve could be visualized in vertebral segments.

<p>Baseline characteristics such as donors’ age and gender are given and the extent to which the vagus nerve could be visualized in vertebral segments.</p

Statistical comparison of vagus nerve diameters and cross-sections (mean value ± standard deviation).

<p>Statistical comparison of vagus nerve diameters and cross-sections (mean value ± standard deviation).</p