Comparative morphometry of katydids tegminas (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)

Objetivo: Determinar el grado de variación de los componentes estructurales de la tegmina izquierda en relación a la tegmina derecha, y como es el patrón de variación de estos dentro y entre taxones de Tettigoniidae. Métodos: Se disecaron 192 especímenes provenientes de la Región Andina colombiana, la Amazonia y la Floresta Atlántica brasilera. Las tegminas fueronfotografiadas y sobre ellas se localizaron seis puntos anatómicos, los cuales fueron usados para realizar los análisis morfométricos ANOVA Procrustes y componentes principales obtenidos de las matrices de las covarianzas del efecto simétrico y asimétrico. Resultados: La asimetría es altamente significativa tanto en la superfamilia como en las subfamilias. Sin embargo, la diferenciación de grupo por lado fue significativa para la familia y también dentro de las subfamilias, con excepción de Pseudophyllinae. Conclusiones: cada subfamilia y la mayoría de las tribus estudiadas presentan patrones morfológicos específicos que pueden ser incluso utilizados como caracteres taxonómicos.Objective: to determine the degree of variation of the structural components of the left tegmina in relation to the right tegmina, and how their pattern of variation is within and among taxa of Tettigoniidae. Methods: A total of 192 specimens from the Colombian Andean Region, the Amazon, and the Brazilian Atlantic Forest were dissected. Th e tegminas were photographed and six anatomical points were located on them, which were used to perform ANOVA Procrustes morphometric analyzes and main components obtained from the matrices of the covariance of the symmetric and asymmetric effect. Results: Asymmetry is highly significant both for the superfamily and the subfamilies level. However, the group differentiation by side was very significant for the family and in the subfamilies except for Pseudophyllinae. Conclusions: Each subfamily and most of the tribes studied present specific morphological patterns that can even be used as taxonomic characters

Crecimiento de larvas de mosca soldado alimentadas con gallinaza, porcinaza y alimento para ponedoras

This research studied the effect of three diets, hen manure, swine manure and poultry feed, on the growth of soldier fly larvae, based on the change in the variables weight, width and length of the larvae. The data were analyzed using mixed models of random coefficients, since variables were analyzed over time and longitudinal data are produced. The growth of larvae was analyzed in four weeks and it was observed that feeding with swine manure produces larvae with lower performance in weight, length and width, compared to hen manure and layer feed, which are not significantly different, indicating that hen manure and layer feed are more efficient in terms of growth. It is important to continue to conduct experiments that show that hen manure and layer feed are more appropriate for the growth of soldier fly larvaeEn esta investigación se estudió el efecto de la gallinaza, porcinaza y alimento para ponedoras, sobre el crecimiento de larvas de mosca soldado; este último evaluado a través del cambio del peso, ancho y largo de las larvas. Los datos fueron analizados mediante modelos mixtos de coeficientes aleatorios, puesto que las variables fueron analizadas en el tiempo y se producen datos longitudinales. Se analizó el crecimiento de las larvas durante cuatro semanas y se observó que la alimentación con porcinaza produce larvas con menor desempeño en peso, largo y ancho, comparado con las alimentadas con gallinaza y alimento para ponedoras, los cuales no presentan diferencias significativas, lo que indica que la gallinaza y el alimento para ponedoras son más eficientes en términos de crecimiento. Es importante seguir realizando experimentos que evidencien que la gallinaza y el alimento para ponedoras son más apropiados para el crecimiento de las larvas de mosca soldado

Evaluación de tres tipos de dieta durante la etapa de engorde del grillo común (Gryllus assimilis L.)

El aumento de la población mundial proyectada para el 2050 demandará el consumo de proteínas provenientes de fuentes alternativas y algunas de estas podrían derivarse de los insectos los cuales representan una oportunidad viable y sostenible para la alimentación. Sin embargo, se conoce poco sobre cómo es el sistema de cultivo de estos insectos, las estrategias para optimizar las dietas de estos insectos y el mejoramiento de su productividad. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de tres dietas para grillos teniendo en cuenta los parámetros técnicos en la etapa de engorde: ganancia de peso, conversión y mortalidad en Gryllus assimilis. Para la presente investigación, se evaluaron tres tratamientos con tres repeticiones por cada uno, para un total de nueve unidades experimentales. Cada repetición se estableció en recipiente plástico donde se alojaron 12 grillos de tres semanas de edad. La duración del experimento fue de treinta días y al final se determinaron los parámetros técnicos en la etapa de engorde. Los resultados indican que la dieta T2, compuesta de alimento para pollos, levadura y verdura, fue la dieta más adecuada en cuanto conversión alimenticia, no presentándose diferencia estadística en ganancia de peso y mortalidad. Lo anterior indica que es posible utilizar estas dietas para alimentación de grillos destinados a la alimentación humana y animal

Recomendaciones prácticas para la mejora en la producción artesanal de cacao

Cartilla dirigida a productores artesanales de cacao que contiene recomendaciones para la adopción de los planes de mejora del beneficio del cacao para garantizar la continuidad en la calidad del producto a partir de buenas prácticas agrícolas.Primer addressed to artisanal producers of cocoa that contains recommendations for the adoption of plans to improve the benefit of cocoa to ensure continuity in the quality of the product from good agricultural practices.Introducción a las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) -- Generalidades del cacao -- Cosecha -- Planificación del beneficio del cacao -- Fermentación -- Secado -- Selección del cacao -- Transformación del cacao -- Subproductos del cacao -- Gestión ambientalPrimera ediciónnaProducto derivado del proyecto mejoramiento de la cadena agroindustrial de biocacao como estrategia para el post conflicto a través de biotecnología aplicada al proceso de fermentación del grano.74 página

Paragryllini (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) Brazil: descriptions of new taxa

Paragryllini Desutter é uma tribo Neotropical com espécies distribuídas do sul do México até o Brasil. Atualmente são conhecidas 24 espécies subordinadas a 6 gêneros: Benoistella Uvarov, 1939; Mexiacla Gorochov, 2007; Oaxacla Gorochov, 2007; Paragryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1844; Rumea Desutter, 1988; e Silvastella Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992. Nesta dissertação são descritos novos táxons de Paragryllini da Amazônia Central brasileira. Faz-se o primeiro registro do gênero Rumea para esta área, com a descrição de três espécies novas: R. zebra sp. nov., R. manauensis sp. nov. e R. tigris sp. nov.. Também são descritos dois gêneros novos: Marciela gen. nov., que inclui Marciela longipes sp. Nov. do Brasil e Marciela crybelos (Nischk & Otte, 2000) comb. nov. do Equador; e Sperberus gen. nov. incluindo unicamente Sperberus arboricola sp. nov. Para as espécies do gênero Rumea, discutem-se as características morfológicas da genitália dos machos e se propõe uma nova interpretação da dessa estrutura. Para ilustrar a genitália tanto dos machos quanto das fêmeas, desenvolveu-se uma técnica de fotografia: a estrutura era inmersa em glicerina e eran tiradas fotografias em diferentes níveis de foco. Para a construção da fotografia final usou-se o software livre CombineZM. Discutem-se alguns aspectos biogeográficos baseados na distribuição conhecida das espécies de Paragryllini. Este estudo proporciona um aporte para o conhecimento do grupo, já que se amplia sua dibribuiçao geográfica, e puede servir como um punto de partida para futuras pesquiças sobre os Paragryllini no Brasil.Paragryllini Desutter is a Neotropical tribe of crickets with species distributed from southern Mexico to Brazil. Currently are known 24 species assigned to six genera: Benoistella Uvarov, 1939; Mexiacla Gorochov, 2007; Oaxacla Gorochov, 2007; Paragryllus Guérin- Méneville, 1844; Rumea Desutter, 1988; and Silvastella Desutter- Grandcolas, 1992. In this paper new taxa from the Brazilian Central Amazonia are described. The genus Rumea is reported for the first time from this region, represented by three new species from the Central Amazonian: R. zebra sp. nov., R. manauensis sp. nov. and R. tigris sp. nov. Also two new genera are described: Marciela gen. nov., including M. longipes sp. nov. from Brazil and M. crybelos (Nischk & Otte, 2000) comb. nov. from Ecuador; and Sperberus gen. nov. including only S. arboricolus sp. nov. The morphology of the male genitalia of the Rumea species is discussed and a new interpretation is proposed. For the illustration of the genitalia of males and females a photographic technique was used: the structure was immersed in glycerin and photographs were taken on different levels of focous. For the construction of the final images the free software CombineZM was used. The biogeography of the Paragryllini is discussed based on the known distribution of the species. This study contributes to the knowledge of the group, increases its geographical distribution, and may serve as a starting point for future research on the Paragryllini in Brazil

Tabaria Walker 1870

Tabaria Walker, 1870 (Fig. 2) Type species. Tabaria opilioides Walker 1870, by monotypy. Walker, 1870: 434; Kirby, 1906: 360; Bruner, 1915: 335. Diagnosis. Medium-sized katydids, apterous, in general form similar to genus Rhammatopoda. Legs very long and slender. Hind femur slender and more delicate than in Encentra. Meso- and metapleura with one protruding bilobulate structure. Meso- and metasternum with two spines on each side.Published as part of Rengifo, Juliana Chamorro, 2009, Redescription of two species of the genera Encentra and Tabaria (Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) of Colombia, pp. 46-52 in Zootaxa 2003 on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18561

Encentra longipes Redtenbacher 1892

Encentra longipes Redtenbacher, 1892 (Fig. 1) Type: 1 female, Medellín, Colombia. Location of type: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (NMW). Newly described specimen: 1 male, (MUSENUV- 21964) J. Chamorro, 01/ 10 / 2006. Valle del Cauca, Bitaco, Chicoral, 1800 m. Other specimens: 1 female (MUSENUV- 20776) H. Berrio, 01/01/ 1997. Valle del Cauca, Yotoco, Bosque de Yotoco, 1500 m.; 1 female (MUSENUV- 21964) J. Chamorro, 01/05/ 2006. Valle del Cauca, Bitaco, Chicoral, 1800 m.; 1 female (ICN-MHNOR00954) F. Vargas L. Castaño and F. Montealegre, 22 /05/ 2000. Cauca, El Tambo, Parque Natural Munchique, 1840 m.; 1 male (ICN-MHNOR00955) F. Vargas L. Castaño and F. Montealegre, 26 /05/ 2000. Cauca, El Tambo, Parque Natural Munchique, 1840 m. Diagnosis. Redescription. Female and male. Head. Face twice as long as wide (Fig. 1 a); fastigium joint to frons, thin, ending in two separated rounded processes slightly inclined (not parallel). Eyes rounded, laterally protruding. Bases of antennae broad and widely separated from each other. Vertex rounded. Thorax. Pronotum surface rough (Fig. 1 b,c); anterior margin of the prozona with three protruding structures: one median tubercle and a spine on each side; posterior part of the mesozona narrowed to half of the length of its anterior margin. Prozona clearly separated from the mesozona, the anterior part of the latter rising in two pairs of spines on each side, latero-frontally and transversally organized, the posterior area is smoothly elevated. Metazona: posterior margin truncate, with a thin median tubercle, lateral sides medially inflated, ending in two pairs of spines on each side, oriented laterally and with a thin tubercle in the same direction, but located more ventrally. Pleura under the mesozona with one spine. Meso- and metasternum with two spines on each side. Legs. Coxae of all legs with a ventral tubercle. Hind legs very elongated, the femur in males 2.3 times and in females 1.7 times longer than the total body length. Femur with 27 curved dorsal spines in males and 29 in females, ventrally with 22 spines in males and 21 in females, increasing in size from the anterior to the posterior end (Fig. 1 d). Genicular lobes of all femora ending in a prominent spine. Abdomen. Tergites 1 to 5 in males and 1 to 6 in females each with a median spine, decreasing in size toward the posterior end, tergite 6 in males and 7 in females with only a tiny tubercle. Genitalia. Male. Cercus long and falciform (Fig. 1 e), finishing in an acute tip. Subgenital plate broad in all its length, with a broad emargination of almost 2 / 5 of the total width (Fig 1 f). Female. Subgenital plate triangular, acuminate, and carinate; ovipositor gradually curved and acuminate, approximately 0.6 times the total length of the body. Coloration. In life (Fig. 4). General coloration olive-green. Face olive-green, head laterally and dorsomedially ferruginous. Antennae, legs and abdominal spines ferruginous. Spines of hind femur with black bases. Ovipositor basally with some black spots. Dorsal part of abdomen with ferruginous marks. In male, ventral part of abdomen with small yellow dots. See more details on photographs in Orthoptera Species File. Measurements: Distribution: Western part of the country, Medellín, Valle del Cauca and Cauca (Fig. 3). 1500–1840 m. The two recently collected specimens were found in the undergrowth of a premontane humid forest near a small creek, walking very slowly among little ferns.Published as part of Rengifo, Juliana Chamorro, 2009, Redescription of two species of the genera Encentra and Tabaria (Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) of Colombia, pp. 46-52 in Zootaxa 2003 on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18561

Morphology of the phallus and tegmina in Tettigonioidea and taxonomic revision of the old genus Agraecia Audinet-Serville (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Tettigoniidae)

Agraecia Audinet-Serville (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae: Agraeciini), o gênero-tipo de Agraeciini, compreende quinze nomes de espécies: treze usados para nomear espécies viventes, um sinônimo júnior e um fóssil. As espécies descritas de Agraecia são morfologicamente distintas e foram coletadas em diferentes localidades do mundo. Poucos caracteres morfológicos definem o gênero e esses, em conjunto, não são exclusivos do táxon. O objetivo desta tese é redefinir o gênero Agraecia com base na morfologia comparada de estruturas usadas tradicionalmente na taxonomia de Tettigonioidea e em outras estruturas que são aqui apresentadas como novidade para o estudo do grupo. Para realizar a delimitação de Agraecia e dos gêneros novos propostos, foi preciso realizar um estudo prévio sobre a morfologia do falo das esperanças neotropicais (Capítulo I). Adicionalmente, durante a observação das nervuras das tégminas das espécies de Tettigonioidea, notou-se que a tégmina direita possui uma fileira estridulatória vestigial, fato que não tinha sido reportado previamente nem para as espécies de Agraeciini, e com algumas exceções, nem para outros táxons da superfamília. Por tal motivo, reportou-se que a fileira direita vestigial é um componente da tégmina e é útil para o estudo taxonômico da superfamília (Capítulo II). Finalmente, delimita-se Agraecia (Capítulo III, manuscrito) e se propõe que somente duas espécies das previamente descritas permaneçam no gênero, A. dorsalis Karny e A. punctata Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville. Designa-se um neótipo e um neoalótipo de A. punctata, e quatro novas espécies do gênero são descritas. Propõe-se Bertoniella Rehn como novo sinônimo e a nova combinação Parasubria vittipes (Redtenbacher) comb. nov. As restantes sete espécies viventes são classificadas em seis novos gêneros, a seguir: Gen. nov. 01, Gen. nov. 02, Gen. nov. 03, Gen. nov. 04, Gen. nov. 05 e Gen. nov. 06. E a espécie fóssil é transferida para Gen. nov. 07 †. Adicionalmente, quatro novas espécies de Gen. nov. 01 são descritas. O material tipo de Agraecia fallax Karny, nomen dubium está perdido e o de Agraecia festae Griffini está atualmente indisponível para revisão, assim, essas duas espécies são tratadas como incertae sedis. Finalmente, discute-se sobre a morfologia, a distribuição geográfica, e sobre a biologia e a ecologia das espécies.Agraecia Audinet-Serville (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae: Agraeciini), the type-genus of Agraeciini, comprises fifteen species names: thirteen used for extant species, one junior synonym, and one fossil. The species are morphologically very dissimilar, and were collected and described from different localities of the world. Few morphological features define the genus Agraecia, and these are not unique to the taxon. The objective in this thesis is to revise and redefine the genus Agraecia based on morphology of structures traditionally considered in the taxonomy of Tettigonioidea, and on structures which are presented here as novelties for the study of the superfamily. To carry out the delimitation of Agraecia and new genera, it was necessary to conduct a preliminary study on the morphology of the phallus in Neotropical katydids (Chapter I). Additionally, during the examination of the tegminal veins of the studied species, it was noted that in the right tegmen there is a vestigial file, fact that had not been previously reported for the treated species and, with few exceptions, neither to other taxa of the superfamily. For this reason, it was elaborated a short paper reporting that the right file is an additional component of the tegmina and is useful for the taxonomic study of the superfamily (Chapter II). Finally, Agraecia is redelimitated (Chapter III, manuscript) keeping only two of the previously described species in the genus: A. dorsalis Karny and A. punctata Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville. It is designated a neootype and a neoallotype for A. punctata, and four new Agraecia species are described. Bertoniella Rehn, is determined as a junior synonym of Agraecia. The new combination Parasubria vittipes (Redtenbacher) comb. nov. is proposed. The remaining six Agraecia species are classified in six new genera: Gen. nov. 01, Gen. nov. 02, Gen. nov. 03, Gen. nov. 04, Gen. nov. 05 and Gen. nov. 06. The fossil species is transferred to Gen. nov. 7†. Additionally, four new species of Gen. nov. 01 are described. Type material of Agraecia fallax Karny, nomen dobium, is lost and the one of Agraecia festae Griffini is currently unavailable for examination, thus these two species are treated as incertae sedis. Finally, the morphology, geographical distribution, biology and ecology of the species are discussed.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Tabaria opiliodes Walker 1870

<i>Tabaria opiliodes</i> Walker, 1870 <p>Type: 1 female, Colombia.</p> <p>Location of type: Natural History Museum, London (NHM)</p> <p>Newly described specimen: 1 male, (ICN-MHNOR00956) Colombia, without further collection data.</p> <p>Other specimens: 1 female (ICN-MHNOR01116) R. Sánchez, 02/05/1983. Santander, Gambita, Margen de río Luisito, 2600 m.; 1 male (ORT001- Universidad Javeriana) Sandoval Mojica, 06/2004. Santander, Encino, 1500 m.; female (ORT002- Universidad Javeriana) Sandoval Mojica, 06/2004. Santander, Encino, 2200 m.; female (ICN-MHNOR00958). Norte de Santander, Chinacota, Paramito, 1350 m.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Redescription. Female and male. General appearance fusiform and convex. Head. Short, as wide as the anterior margin of the pronotum; antennae more than twice the total length of the body; fastigium in frontal view (Fig. 2 a) with two parallel lobes, their apices rounded and each one as wide as the first antennal segment; frons narrow, between the widely separated antennal sockets semi-oval; eyes round, laterally protruding and oriented upward; fourth segment of maxillary palp (counting from the base) less than half the length of the third segment, and around 1/3 the length of the fifth, this last one with claviform tip. Thorax. Pronotum surface smooth, prozona (Fig. 2 b,c) with three rounded spines, two median and two lateral, the first one less than half as long as the other two. Mesozona with four spines, two on each side, with similarly rounded tips; metazona with three spines, one in the middle and two on each side; metathorax with one long median spine and a small dorsally-oriented tubercle on the hind margin; meso- and metasternum with two spines on each side. Legs. Very long and slender, femora with stout spines; hind femur in males 1.5 times and in females 1.1 times as long as the total body length (Fig. 2 d); all tibiae with minute spines. Abdomen: first and second tergite with one spine on the posterior margin, each spine less than half as long as the metatorax. Genitalia. Supra-anal plate very short; male subgenital plate (Fig. 2 e,g) with broad base, three lateral lobes and narrowed toward the posterior end, finishing in two rounded lobes; cercus short and lanceolate, (Fig. f). Ovipositor slightly curved 1/10 the total body length.</p> <p> <b>Coloration:</b> Dried specimens. General coloration dark yellow, with some parts darker brown. Face with brown shadow-like markings on the upper part of the clypeus and on the scapus; in some individuals genae black. Lateral lobes of the pronotum brown, mesozona with a pair of dark brown marks in form of curved triangles. Some spines of the thorax dark brown. Each segment of the abdomen with light brown shadows. Ventral side of forefemora black, all femora with small black points. See more details on photographs in Orthoptera Species File.</p>Published as part of <i>Rengifo, Juliana Chamorro, 2009, Redescription of two species of the genera Encentra and Tabaria (Tettigoniidae: Mecopodinae) of Colombia, pp. 46-52 in Zootaxa 2003</i> on page 50, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/185617">10.5281/zenodo.185617</a&gt

Comportamiento intrasexual en machos de Panacanthus Pallicornis (Walker, 1869) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)

A través de pruebas por parejas y observaciones nocturnas en campo de machos de Panacanthus pallicornis, se determinaron los comportamientos y resultados de interacciones espaciales y físicas entre machos congéneres. Se hizo un breve acercamiento a la historia natural de la especie, fundamentalmente respecto a las relaciones intrasexuales que son mediadas a través de la producción de canto, huída, vibración y desplazamiento