Galen on Mental Disorders

Este trabalho aborda a conceito de desordem psíquica na obra de Galeno (129-216). A primeira parte enquadra o pensamento de Galeno na visão da Filosofia e Medicina em vigor no início do séc. II d.C. De seguida descrevo a concepção Hipocrática de epilepsia, e a abordagem que Platão desenvolve no Timeu e Fedro acerca da loucura, para de seguida abordar a concepção de doença em Galeno, onde são analisados os conceitos de nosêma, diathesis, pathos e energeia. Após este excurso descrevo o ponto de vista de Galeno acerca da controvérsia sobre a localização da parte dirigente da alma (hêgemonikon) que se dividia entre defensores do encefalocentrismo (Platão, Hipócrates e Herófilo) e do cardiocentrismo (Aristóteles e os Estóicos). De modo a aprofundar a compreensão de Galeno acerca deste tema descrevo o trabalho anatómico-fisiológico desenvolvido pelos médicos Alexandrinos Erasistrato e Herófilo, activos no sec. III a. C., que descobriram, através de dissecação de animais e muito provavelmente de humanos, o papel dos nervos e tendões nas atividades cognitivas e sensório-motoras. Esta foi uma descoberta central para a argumentação de Galeno acerca da interacção mente-corpo assim como para a descrição das desordens psíquicas. Posteriormente apresento a metodologia de Galeno no que concerne ao processo de diagnóstico e etiologia, essencial para se compreender como é possível aceder a ‘entidades’ não visíveis, como o hêgemonikon e as suas diferentes faculdades: ‘imaginação’, memória e raciocínio. Por fim, analiso alguns casos clínicos de pacientes afectados por desordens do hêgemonikon, a saber: phrenitis, mania e melancolia. Os principais textos objecto de análise são: Acerca dos Lugares Afectados, Acerca das Teses de Hipócrates e Platão e Que as Faculdades da Alma Seguem as Disposições do Corpo. Todavia, outros textos de Galeno serão convocados consoante a necessidade de analisar os conceitos que me proponho compreender, entre eles Acerca do Método Terapêutico e Acerca da Utilidade das Partes

modelling the combined use of bicycles and train in Lisbon, Portugal

UIDB/04647/2020 UIDP/04647/2020 UIDB/03127/2020Many capital cities are expanding bicycle lanes or investing in public bike-sharing systems to make cycling mobility a viable transport solution within urban areas. While bicycles are fit for short-distance trips (publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Theories in Ancient, Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy and Medicine

This paper discusses theories of memory as developed by philosophers and medical writers from Graeco-Roman antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. While philosophers had much to say on the nature of memory and recollection, their epistemo- logical role and their relationship to other functions of the soul, medical writers concen- trated on the anatomy, physiology, pathology and indeed the therapeutics of memory and recollection. Yet the close relationship between philosophical and medical approaches was most clearly visible in discussions about the bodily location of memory, where theoretical concepts of the hierarchy of faculties of the soul were connected with clinical observations of memory failure as a result of injury or disease

The potential of integrated transport modes: modelling the combined use of bicycles and train in Lisbon, Portugal

Many capital cities are expanding bicycle lanes or investing in public bike-sharing systems to make cycling mobility a viable transport solution within urban areas. While bicycles are fit for short-distance trips

Avaliação de usos e Percepções sobre o Território Recorrendo a Informação Geográfica Voluntária

UID/SOC/04647/2019 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0004Tudo acontece algures e através da espacialização dos fenómenos e interesses, bem como da sua interacção, torna-se assim possível melhor compreender, usufruir, potenciar e preservar o território. O conceito de Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), cunhado por Goodchild (2007), é a consolidação de um movimento que emergiu a partir de meados da década passada, usufruindo do avanço das plataformas tecnológicas e da crescente sensibilização de todos para a consciencialização geográfica, levando à participação colaborativa na produção de dados geográficos. A existência de dados oriundos de processos de participação colaborativa, a designada informação geográfica voluntária (nalguns casos involuntária), embora não tendo os mecanismos de controlo e certificação dos dados produzidos por entidades oficiais, revela-se extremamente útil para a monitorização (também em tempo real) de espaços de maior procura. Neste artigo explora-se o desenvolvimento de metodologias de recolha e análise de dados geográficos voluntários relativos a usos recreativos de espaços naturais, criando elementos úteis para a decisão das entidades competente pela sua gestão e valorização.publishersversionpublishe

CARCINOMA DE CÉLULAS DE MERKEL – NORMAS DE ORIENTAÇÃO CLÍNICA

Introduction: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous malignancy which incidence has tripled in the last 20 years, because of new pathologic techniques. Its mortality rates exceed those of melanoma, with signi- ficant associated morbidity and loco-regional metastasis. Material and methods: The authors reviewed the literature in order to provide clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of MCC. Results: Recently the American Joint Committee on Cancer has developed a staging system (TNM), which divides the MCC into 4 stages, depending on the degree of aggressiveness of the tumor. Surgery is the treatment of choice in the MCC approach, with surgical margins ranging between 1-2cm depending on the characteristics of the primary tumor. Currently consensus is the benefit of sentinel node biopsy, and the status of the sentinel node the most important prognostic factor. Adjuvant radiotherapy to the tumor bed and lymph node basis is of particular importance when associated with radical lympha- denectomy. Despite being sensitive to chemotherapy, stage IV MCC has a poor prognosis, with questionable benefit of chemotherapy. Conclusions: It is important to keep a low threshold of suspicion for the CCM, in order to optimize the treatment of this aggressive tumor.  KEYWORDS – Carcinoma, Merkel cell; Sentinel lymph node biopsy; Neoplasm staging; Practice guidelines.Introdução: O carcinoma de células de Merkel (CCM) é considerado um tumor cutâneo raro, cuja incidência triplicou nos últimos 20 anos, em parte devido a uma maior acuidade diagnóstica. A taxa de mortali- dade ultrapassa a do melanoma, com importante morbilidade associada e metastização loco-regional. Material e métodos: Os autores reviram a literatura disponível com o intuito de fornecer normas de orientação clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento do CCM. Resultados: Recentemente o American Joint Commitee on Cancer elaborou um sistema de estadiamento (TNM), que divide o CCM em 4 estadios (I-IV) consoante o grau de agressividade da neo- plasia. A cirurgia é a terapêutica de 1a linha na abordagem do CCM, com margens cirúrgicas que variam entre 1-2cm, consoante as características do tumor primário. Actualmente é consensual o benefício da biopsia do gânglio sentinela, sendo o status do gânglio sentinela o factor prognóstico mais importante. A radioterapia adjuvante no leito tumoral e nas cadeias ganglionares regionais assume particular importância associada à linfadenectomia radical. Apesar de se tratar de um tumor quimiossensível, o estadio IV do CCM tem prognóstico reservado, sendo discutível o benefício da quimioterapia. Conclusões: É importante manter um baixo limiar de suspeita para o CCM no sentido de optimizar o tratamento deste tumor agressivo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Carcinoma de células de Merkel; Biopsia de gânglio sentinela; Estadiamento; Normas de orientação clínica.

Volunteered Geographical Information and Recreational Uses within Metropolitan and Rural Contexts

UIDB/04647/2020 UIDP/04647/2020 DL 57/2016/CP1453/CT0004Data obtained through Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) have gradually been used to monitor and support planning mainly in urban contexts. Regarding recreational activities in peri-urban green and natural areas, VGI has been used to map, measure use intensity, profile users, and evaluate their preferences and motivations. Given their extensive use, it is now worthwhile to assess the value of VGI data to (1) compare recreational uses, profile users and map recreational activities in different contexts (metropolitan vs. rural areas), and (2) evaluate outdoor and adventure tourist products such as Grand Routes (GR). Data from former GPSies (AllTrails nowadays), one of the most popular web-share services, were used to assess recreational uses in Lisbon Metropolitan Area (LMA) and southwest Portugal (SWPT). A set of 22,031 tracks of “on foot” and “on wheels” activities, submitted by 3297 national and foreign users, covering 12 years, was analysed within a GIS modelling environment. Results indicate that, although there are many more submissions in the LMA, the influence of foreigners in the SWPT is higher (11% vs. 19%). The existing GR in SWPT concentrates the foreign use for hiking (71% of foreign vs. 28% of national users), demonstrating its attractiveness. For the favourite activity in both areas—Mountain biking—results show a higher spatial dispersion, yet part of the activity in SWPT still conforms to the GR (16% of foreign and 20% of national use). This study proves other applications for VGI, showing its usefulness for assessing recreational uses in both metropolitan and rural areas. Spatial knowledge about recreational uses is a valuable tool to evaluate and monitor such activities, and to know what users like to do, and where, and is also useful information when designing recreational products considering their tourist potential, thus adding value to these offers.publishersversionpublishe

Transferência de Competências no Domínio da Saúde para o Município de Lisboa

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity on people who participate on running and cycling sporting events people in Spain and Portugal

UIDB/04647/2020 UIDP/04647/2020The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity on people who participate on running and cycling sporting events people in Spain and Portugal. It was considered The situation of sports practice in Spain and Portugal prior to the outbreak of COVID-19, as both governments legislate to protect citizens from the pandemic and it was analyzed the consequences of these acts. A descriptive investigation was carried out using a questionnaire (N=2696) and descriptive statistical analysis according to characteristics and distribution (test of normality) of different variables: frequencies, average, maximum and minimum values, median and IQR. From the results, the following can be highlighted: a) almost complete coincidence between both countries, of the generic profile of the practitioners; the order, by percentage, of the variables, and even the percentages of each variable for four of the five dimensions analyzed; b) the dimension that differs the most is how practitioners in Spain and Portugal adapted during the confinement time, and c) at all times the respondents perceived that the adaptations would be temporary and it was a matter of a few months before they returned to the normality. These data allow to understand the effect of COVID-19 pandemic had on physical activity on people who participate on sporting events in the natural environment in Spain and Portugal.publishersversionpublishe