Multimorbilidad: bases conceptuales, modelos epidemiológicos y retos de su medición

The growing number of patients with complex clinical profiles related to chronic diseases has contributed to the increasingly widespread use of the term ‘multimorbidity’. A suitable measurement of this condition is essential to epidemiological studies considering that it represents a challenge for the clinical management of patients as well as for health systems and epidemiological investigations. In this context, the present essay reviews the conceptual proposals behind the measurement of multimorbidity including the epidemiological and methodological challenges it involves. We discuss classical definitions of comorbidity, how they differ from the concept of multimorbidity, and their roles in epidemiological studies. The various conceptual models that contribute to the operational definitions and strategies to measure this variable are also presented. The discussion enabled us to identify a significant gap between the modern conceptual development of multimorbidity and the operational definitions. This gap exists despite the theoretical developments that have occurred in the classical concept of comorbidity to arrive to the modern and multidimensional conception of multimorbidty. Measurement strategies, however, have not kept pace with this advance. Therefore, new methodological proposals need to be developed in order to obtain information regarding the actual impact on individuals’ health and its implications for public health.El incremento continuo de pacientes con perfiles clínicos complejos debidos a enfermedades crónicas ha favorecido el uso cada vez más extendido del término multimorbilidad. Es indispensable disponer de una medición apropiada de esta condición, dado que representa un reto para el manejo clínico de los pacientes, los sistemas de salud y la investigación epidemiológica.En este ensayo se revisan las propuestas conceptuales subyacentes a la medición de la multimorbilidad y se discuten los retos metodológicos involucrados, tomando como referencia las definiciones clásicas de comorbilidad, sus diferencias con el concepto de multimorbilidad y su papel en los estudios epidemiológicos, así como los distintos modelos conceptuales de los que se derivan las definiciones operativas y las estrategias de medición de dicha variable.Se pudo determinar que hay una brecha importante entre el desarrollo del concepto de multimorbilidad y las definiciones operativas, a pesar del significativo avance teórico que ha permitido trascender la concepción clásica de comorbilidad para llegar al concepto actual de multimorbilidad. Sin embargo, las estrategias de medición no se han desarrollado al mismo ritmo del concepto, por lo que se requieren nuevas propuestas metodológicas que permitan obtener información sobre su verdadero impacto en la salud de las personas y sus implicaciones para la salud pública

Efectos del vendaje neuromuscular como método independiente o complementario de tratamiento fisioterapéutico en el manejo del dolor cervical

   Introduction: Neck pain is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal pathologies. There is, however, no evidence of the effectiveness of neuromuscular taping versus physiotherapy, or of their combined therapy. Objectives: To analyze: the effects of taping compared with those of a physiotherapy program; and the additional benefits that could be obtained if these two therapies were combined in the management of neck pain. Methodology: A total of 60 patients diagnosed with cervical pain were selected and a quasi-experimental pre-post parallel, four-arm simple blind design was utilized: physiotherapy alone; taping alone; physiotherapy plus taping; and taping plus physiotherapy. The effects were estimated, using fixed effects models, for pain at rest, on palpation and in movement. Results: The greatest intra-individual change was found with physiotherapy (β=−1.81; CI95%: −2.69 to −0.93), followed by the physiotherapy plus taping (β=−1.57; CI95%: −2.32 to −0.83), then taping plus physiotherapy (β=−1.29; CI95%: −1.98 to −0.60). Taping alone, however, achieved only a marginally significant reduction (β=−0.50; CI95%: −1.11 to 0.10). Regarding palpation pain, a statistically significant reduction was only observed for physiotherapy (β=−0.84; CI95%: −1.56 to −0.11) and physiotherapy plus taping (β=−0.52; CI95%: −1.09 to 0.04). Finally, for movement pain, a statistically significant reduction for physiotherapy was observed (β=−1.28; CI95%: −2.02 to −0.55) and very similar reductions were observed for physiotherapy plus taping and taping plus physiotherapy. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, physiotherapy would be the most effective treatment for cervical pain.Introducción: El dolor de cuello es una de las patologías musculoesqueléticas más prevalentes. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia de la efectividad del vendaje neuromuscular frente a la fisioterapia o de su terapia combinada. Objetivos: Analizar: los efectos del vendaje comparados con los de un programa de fisioterapia; y los beneficios adicionales que podrían obtenerse si estas dos terapias se combinaran en el tratamiento del dolor de cuello. Metodología: Se seleccionaron un total de 60 pacientes diagnosticados con dolor cervical y se utilizó un diseño ciego simple cuasi- experimental, pre-post-paralelo, de cuatro brazos: fisioterapia exclusiva; vendaje exclusivo; Fisioterapia más vendaje, fisioterapia más vendaje. Los efectos se estimaron, utilizando modelos de efectos fijos, para el dolor en reposo, a la palpación y en movimiento. Resultados: El mayor cambio intra-individual se encontró con fisioterapia (β = -1.81; IC95%: -2.69 a -0.93), seguido de fisioterapia más vendaje (β = -1.57; IC95%: -2.32 a -0.83) y luego vendaje más fisioterapia (β = -1.29; IC95%: -1.98 a -0.60). Sin embargo, el vendaje exclusivo logró una reducción marginalmente significativa (β = -0.50; IC95%: -1.11 a 0.10). Con respecto al dolor de palpación, solo se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa para fisioterapia (β = -0.84; IC95%: -1.56 a -0.11) y fisioterapia más vendaje (β = -0.52; IC95%: -1.09 a 0.04). Finalmente, en relación al dolor de movimiento, se observó una reducción estadísticamente significativa para fisioterapia (β = -1.28; IC95%: -2.02 a -0.55) y se observaron reducciones muy similares para fisioterapia más vendaje y vendaje más fisioterapia. Conclusión: Según los resultados del presente estudio, la fisioterapia sería el tratamiento más efectivo para el dolor cervical.&nbsp

Migrantes mexicanos deportados: exploração do estado de saúde e acesso a serviços de saúde

OBJECTIVE To describe the health status and access to care of forced-return Mexican migrants deported through the Mexico-United States border and to compare it with the situation of voluntary-return migrants. METHODS Secondary data analysis from the Survey on Migration in Mexico’s Northern Border from 2012. This is a continuous survey, designed to describe migration flows between Mexico and the United States, with a mobile-population sampling design. We analyzed indicators of health and access to care among deported migrants, and compare them with voluntary-return migrants. Our analysis sample included 2,680 voluntary-return migrants, and 6,862 deportees. We employ an ordinal multiple logistic regression model, to compare the adjusted odds of having worst self-reported health between the studied groups. RESULTS As compared to voluntary-return migrants, deportees were less likely to have medical insurance in the United States (OR = 0.05; 95%CI 0.04;0.06). In the regression model a poorer self-perceived health was found to be associated with having been deported (OR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.52;1.92), as well as age (OR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.02;1.03) and years of education (OR = 0.94 95%CI 0.93;0.95). CONCLUSIONS According to our results, deportees had less access to care while in the United States, as compared with voluntary-return migrants. Our results also showed an independent and statistically significant association between deportation and having poorer self-perceived health. To promote the health and access to care of deported Mexican migrants coming back from the United States, new health and social policies are required.OBJETIVO Analisar o estado de saúde e o acesso aos serviços de saúde de imigrantes mexicanos deportados na fronteira entre México e Estados Unidos. MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados secundários do Inquérito sobre Migração na Fronteira do Norte do México de 2012. O inquérito é contínuo e desenhado para descrever fluxos migratórios na fronteira entre México e Estados Unidos com amostra de população móvel. Foram analisados indicadores de saúde e de acesso aos serviços de saúde dos imigrantes deportados em comparação aos imigrantes que retornaram voluntariamente. Nossa amostra análise incluiu 2.680 migrantes de retorno voluntário, e 6.862 deportados. Foi utilizado modelo de regressão logística ordinal para comparar as probabilidades da pior autopercepção de saúde entre os grupos estudados. RESULTADOS Em comparação com os migrantes de retorno voluntário, deportados foram menos propensos a ter seguro médico em os Estados Unidos (OR = 0,05, IC95% 0,04;0,06). No modelo de regressão uma pior saúde auto-percebida foi associado com ser deportado (OR = 1,71, IC95% 1,52;1,92), bem como a idade (OR = 1,03, IC95% 1,02;1,03) e os anos de escolaridade (OR = 0,94, IC95% 0,93;0,95). CONCLUSÕES De acordo com nossos resultados, deportados tinha menos acesso aos cuidados, enquanto em os Estados Unidos, em comparação com os migrantes de retorno voluntário. Nossos resultados também mostraram uma associação independente e estatisticamente significativa entre a deportação e ter pior saúde auto-percebida. Novas políticas de saúde pública são necessárias para promover a saúde e o acesso aos serviços de saúde nos imigrantes mexicanos deportados dos Estados Unidos

Asociación entre la discapacidad física y la incidencia de síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores mexicanos

Introduction: Functional limitations associated with the aging process can lead to the development of depressive symptoms and increase the vulnerability of older adults.Objective: To estimate the association between physical disability and the incidence of clinically significant depressive symptoms in older Mexican adults.Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with data from the Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). The analytical sample (n=6,780) included adults over 50 years old with measurements for the main variables and no clinically significant depressive symptoms reported in the first round. These symptoms were evaluated with the CESD-9 scale and disability by means of the report of activities of daily living (ADL) or instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression models adjusted by sociodemographic variables, health conditions, childhood adversities, social participation, and stressful life events.Results: The incidence of clinically significant depressive symptoms was 25.75% (95% CI: 24,70 - 26,80). Compared to those without IADL limitations, an increased risk of 68% for the development of clinically significant depressive symptoms was found (95% CI: 1.10-2.57; p= 0,015). With the ADL model, the OR for the development of clinically significant depressive symptoms was 1.36 (1.01 -1.81; p= 0.039). Both models were adjusted by confounding variables.Conclusion: Presenting limitations in daily life is an important risk factor for the development of clinically significant depressive symptoms at two years of follow-up.Introducción. Las limitaciones funcionales asociadas con el proceso de envejecimiento pueden conducir al desarrollo de síntomas depresivos e incrementar la vulnerabilidad de los adultos mayores.Objetivo. Estimar la asociación entre la discapacidad física y la incidencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos en adultos mayores mexicanos.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte con datos provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM). La muestra analítica (n=6.780) incluyó a adultos mayores de 50 años que contaran con mediciones de las variables principales y que no presentaran síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos en la ronda cero. Estos síntomas se evaluaron con la escala CESD-9 y, la discapacidad, mediante el reporte de limitaciones para la realización de actividades básicas o instrumentales de la vida diaria. Se hicieron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y multivariados, utilizando el modelo de regresión logística y ajustando según las variables sociodemográficas, las condiciones de salud, las adversidades de la infancia, la participación social y los eventos vitales estresantes.Resultados. La incidencia de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos fue de 25,75 % (IC95% 24,70-26,80). Comparados con aquellas personas sin limitaciones para las actividades instrumentales, se encontró un incremento del 68 % en el riesgo para el desarrollo de dichos síntomas (IC95% 1,10-2,57; p=0,015). En el modelo de actividades básicas de la vida diaria, la razón de probabilidad (odds ratio, OR) para su desarrollo fue de 1,36 (1,01-1,81; p=0,039), ambos ajustados por variables de confusión.Conclusión. Las limitaciones en la vida diaria son un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de síntomas depresivos clínicamente significativos en personas con seguimiento de dos años

Autopercepción de la salud, presencia de comorbilidades y depresión en adultos mayores mexicanos: propuesta y validación de un marco conceptual simple

Introduction: Self-rated health is an individual and subjective conceptualization involving the intersection of biological, social and psychological factors. It provides an invaluable and unique evaluation of a person’s general health status.Objective: To propose and evaluate a simple conceptual model to understand self-rated health and its relationship to multimorbidity, disability and depressive symptoms in Mexican older adults.Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on a national representative sample of 8,874 adults of 60 years of age and older. Self-perception of a positive health status was determined according to a Likert-type scale based on the question: “What do you think is your current health status?” Intermediate variables included multimorbidity, disability and depressive symptoms, as well as dichotomous exogenous variables (sex, having a partner, participation in decision-making and poverty). The proposed conceptual model was validated using a general structural equation model with a logit link function for positive self-rated health.Results: A direct association was found between multimorbidity and positive self-rated health (OR=0.48; 95% CI: 0.42-0.55), disability and positive self-rated health (OR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.30-0.40), depressive symptoms and positive self-rated health (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.34-0.43). The model also validated indirect associations between disability and depressive symptoms (OR=2.25; 95% CI: 2.01- 2.52), multimorbidity and depressive symptoms (OR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.61-2.00) and multimorbidity and disability (OR=1.98; 95% CI: 1.78-2.20).Conclusions: A parsimonious theoretical model was empirically evaluated, which enabled identifying direct and indirect associations with positive self-rated health.Introducción. La autopercepción de la salud es una concepción individual y subjetiva que resulta de la intersección entre factores biológicos, sociales y psicológicos, y proporciona una evaluación única e inestimable del estado general de salud de una persona.Objetivo. Proponer y evaluar un modelo conceptual simple para entender la autopercepción de la salud y su relación con la presencia de comorbilidades, discapacidad y síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores mexicanos.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio transversal basado en una muestra representativa nacional de 8.874 adultos de 60 y más años. Se determinó la autopercepción positiva de la salud mediante una escala de tipo Likert con la pregunta: “¿Cómo considera que es su estado actual de salud?”, así como de las variables intermedias de presencia de comorbilidades, discapacidad y síntomas depresivos, y variables exógenas dicotómicas (sexo, tener pareja, percepción de la participación en las decisiones del hogar y pobreza). Para validar el modelo conceptual propuesto, se diseñó un modelo generalizado de ecuaciones estructurales con función de enlace logit para la autopercepción positiva de la salud.Resultados. Se encontró una asociación de vías directas entre la presencia de comorbilidades y la autopercepción positiva de la salud (odds ratio, OR=0,48; IC95% 0,42-0,55), entre la discapacidad y la autopercepción positiva de la salud (OR=0,35; IC95% 0,30-0,40),y entre los síntomas depresivos y la autopercepción positiva de la salud (OR=0,38; IC95% 0,34-0,43). El modelo también validó asociaciones indirectas entre discapacidad y síntomas depresivos (OR=2,25; IC95% 2,01-2,52), presencia de comorbilidades y síntomas depresivos (OR=1,79; IC95% 1,61-2,00), y presencia de comorbilidades y discapacidad (OR=1,98; IC95% 1,78-2,20).Conclusiones. Se hizo la evaluación empírica de un modelo teórico parsimonioso, lo cual permitió determinar asociaciones directas e indirectas con la autopercepción positiva de la salud

Reporting of statistical regression analyses in Biomédica: A critical assessment review

Introduction: Regression modeling is a statistical method commonly used in health research, especially by observational studies. Objective: The objectives of this paper were to 1) determine the frequency of reporting of regression modeling in original biomedical and public health articles that were published in Biomédica between 2000 and 2017; 2) describe the parameters used in the statistical models, and 3) describe the quality of the information reported by the studies to explain the statistical analyses. Materials and methods: We conducted a critical assessment review of all original articles published in Biomédica between 2000 and 2017 that used regression models for the statistical analysis of the studies main objectives. We generated a 20-item checklist based on four good practice guidelines for the presentation of statistical methods. Results: Most of the studies were observational studies related to public health sciences (65.7%). Less than half (37.2%) of them reported using a combination of conceptual frameworks and statistical criteria for the selection of variables to be included in the regression model. Less than one quarter (22.1%) reported the verification of the assumptions of the model. The most frequently used uncertainty measure was the p-value (73.5%). Conclusion: There are significant limitations in the quality of the reports of statistical regression models, which reviewers and readers need in order to correctly assess and interpret the statistical models. The results, herein, are provided as an invitation to researchers, reviewers, and editors of biomedical journals to develop, promote, and control an appropriate culture for statistical analysis and reporting in Colombia

Prevalence of depressive symptoms and factorial invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) Depression Scale in a group of Mexican indigenous population

Introduction: The short version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) Depression Scale is a viable tool for screening depressive symptomatology in the general population, but its factorial invariance for indigenous populations in Latin America has not been reported. Objective: To describe the differences in the prevalence of depressive symptomatology and the factorial invariance of the short version of the CES-D scale for the Mexican indigenous population. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 37,165 Mexican adults aged 20 to 59 years. Indigenous identity was determined by self-report of being a speaker of an indigenous language. Eight groups of analysis were created according to gender, literacy, and being indigenous. An exploratory factor analysis was used to describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms as measured by the short version of the CES-D, as well as the configuration factorial invariance of the profiles. The variance-covariance matrices of the pairs of profiles were compared using the modified Mantel test. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 16.8% (95% CI: 13.4-20.3) for indigenous women who could read, 21.3% (95% CI: 15.5% 27.1) for indigenous women who could not read, 8.5% (95% CI: 6.0-11.1) for indigenous men who could read, and 10.4% (95% CI: 5.2-15.6) for indigenous men who could not read. No significant differences in the factorial loads of the profiles were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of depressive symptoms in indigenous people is lower than in the nonindigenous population. The factorial invariance of the CES-D scale was high for the indigenous population

Estimated number of deaths directly avoided because of COVID-19 vaccination among older adults in Colombia in 2021: an ecological, longitudinal observational study.

Background: Colombia's national COVID-19 vaccination plan began in February of 2021. It gave priority to older adults, who constituted 77.7% of deaths from this illness in the year 2020. The main goal of the plan is to decrease specific mortality and the number of serious COVID-19 cases, however, the number of deaths avoided by this strategy is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of avoided deaths in Colombia by fully vaccinating older adults against COVID-19, during the first year of the implementation of the national vaccination plan. Methods: This study took on the design of an ecological, longitudinal study. Full vaccination coverage for older adults was calculated for each epidemiological week and age group from March to December 2021, based on which the number of avoided COVID-19 deaths was estimated. A sensitivity analysis was performed taking into account variations in the vaccines' effectiveness by age group. Results: In Colombia, over 5.3 million adults 60 years of age and older received full COVID-19 vaccinations between March and December 2021. During that same period, nearly 46,000 deaths of older adults from this cause were registered. We estimated that vaccination has avoided around 22,000 more older adults from dying from COVID-19 in Colombia, that is, 32.4% of expected deaths in 2021. According to the sensitivity analysis, the number of lives saved ranged from 19,597 to 36,507. Conclusions: Colombia's strategy to vaccinate older adults against COVID-19 has avoided mortality for this age group from being 48.0% higher than what was observed during the study period. Even more lives have been saved when taking into account the parameters that were defined and the omission of the contribution from partial vaccinations