37 research outputs found

    Pristine Mer de Corail: Les récifs éloignés de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Rapport au Gouvernement et aux trois Provinces de la Nouvelle-Calédonie,

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    Ce rapport scientifique présente un état des lieux des récifs éloignés de la Nouvelle-Calédonie mais aussi des récifs de l'ensemble des communes du pays, y compris en zones protégées. Une comparaison avec les récifs de 17 pays et territoires du Pacifique Insulaire, et avec les récifs parmi les plus riches de la planÚte, est également fournie. Un documentaire télévisuel de National Geographic à destination du grand public suit ce rapport

    : Bilan de la campagne 2005.

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    Rapport de mission illustré (cartes, plans, photographies).This report describes the excavations at Termez, in the fortification of Tchingiz Tepe ; in the temple and the citadel.Ce rapport décrit les fouilles de Termez, sur les fortifications du Tchingiz Tepe 5 ; du complexe cultuel et de la citadelle

    Estimating the extended and hidden species diversity from environmental DNA in hyper-diverse regions

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    Species inventories are the building blocks of our assessment of biodiversity patterns and human impact. Yet, historical inventories based on visual observations are often incomplete, impairing subsequent analyses of ecological mechanisms, extinction risk and management success. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an emerging tool that can provide wider biodiversity assessments than classical visual-based surveys. However, eDNA-based inventories remain limited by sampling effort and reference database incompleteness. In this study, we propose a new framework coupling eDNA surveys and sampling-theory methods to estimate species richness in under-sampled and hyper-diverse regions where some species remain absent from the checklist or undetected by visual surveys. We applied this framework to the coastal fish diversity in the heart of the coral triangle, the richest marine biodiversity hotspot worldwide. Combining data from 279 underwater visual censuses, 92 eDNA samples and an extensive custom genetic reference database, we show that eDNA metabarcoding recorded 196 putative species not detected by underwater visual census including 37 species absent from the regional checklist. We provide an updated checklist of marine fishes in the ‘Raja Ampat Bird's Head Peninsula' ecoregion with 2534 species including 1761 confirmed and 773 highly probable presences. The Chao lower-bound diversity estimator, based on the incidence of rare species, shows that the region potentially hosts an additional 123 fish species, including pelagic, cryptobenthic and vulnerable species. The extended and hidden biodiversity along with their asymptotic estimates highlight the ability of eDNA to expand regional inventories and species distributions to better guide conservation strategies

    Cross-ocean patterns and processes in fish biodiversity on coral reefs through the lens of eDNA metabarcoding

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    Increasing speed and magnitude of global change threaten the world's biodiversity and particularly coral reef fishes. A better understanding of large-scale patterns and processes on coral reefs is essential to prevent fish biodiversity decline but it requires new monitoring approaches. Here, we use environmental DNA metabarcoding to reconstruct well-known patterns of fish biodiversity on coral reefs and uncover hidden patterns on these highly diverse and threatened ecosystems. We analysed 226 environmental DNA (eDNA) seawater samples from 100 stations in five tropical regions (Caribbean, Central and Southwest Pacific, Coral Triangle and Western Indian Ocean) and compared those to 2047 underwater visual censuses from the Reef Life Survey in 1224 stations. Environmental DNA reveals a higher (16%) fish biodiversity, with 2650 taxa, and 25% more families than underwater visual surveys. By identifying more pelagic, reef-associated and crypto-benthic species, eDNA offers a fresh view on assembly rules across spatial scales. Nevertheless, the reef life survey identified more species than eDNA in 47 shared families, which can be due to incomplete sequence assignment, possibly combined with incomplete detection in the environment, for some species. Combining eDNA metabarcoding and extensive visual census offers novel insights on the spatial organization of the richest marine ecosystems

    Baseline, human impacts and management measures for reef sharks in New Caledonia

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    L'impact anthropique sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes coralliens est aujourd'hui largement documentĂ©, que ce soit sur la biodiversitĂ© qu'ils hĂ©bergent, leur diversitĂ© fonctionnelle, les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques qu'ils procurent ou leur capacitĂ© de rĂ©silience. Parmi les groupes trophiques, les prĂ©dateurs apicaux en gĂ©nĂ©ral et les requins en particulier, sont particuliĂšrement sensibles aux perturbations d’origine humaine du fait de leurs traits d'histoire de vie conservateurs (e.g. croissance lente, maturitĂ© sexuelle tardive, faible fĂ©conditĂ©). D'aprĂšs certaines estimations, les populations de requins ont dĂ©clinĂ© de plus de 90% Ă  l'Ă©chelle globale. Afin d'assurer le maintien de leurs populations et de leur rĂŽle fonctionnel dans la communautĂ©, il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre en place des mesures de gestion adaptĂ©es. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont de 1) faire le bilan des populations de requins de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie ; 2) dĂ©terminer l'efficacitĂ© des vidĂ©os stĂ©rĂ©oscopiques appĂątĂ©es (S-BRUVS) pour recenser les requins en les comparant aux comptages en plongĂ©es (UVC) et Ă©valuer leur possible amĂ©lioration ; 3) Ă©valuer l'impact de la proximitĂ© humaine sur la diversitĂ©, l'abondance et le comportement des requins rĂ©cifaux et 4) dĂ©terminer l'efficacitĂ© des mesures de gestion en place pour protĂ©ger ces espĂšces emblĂ©matiques. Les rĂ©sultats des deux mĂ©thodes de recensement montrent un important dĂ©clin d'environ 90% des abondances de requins rĂ©cifaux le long d'un gradient anthropique complet en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie alors que la pĂȘche des requins est historiquement absente dans cet archipel. Une importante altĂ©ration comportementale du requin gris de rĂ©cif (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) face Ă  la nouveautĂ© d'un appĂąt a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence. Les individus se tiennent plus Ă©loignĂ© du dispositif, interagissent moins avec l'appĂąt et mettent plus de temps pour le mordre avec l'augmentation de la proximitĂ© humaine. Cette derniĂšre est le principal moteur de ce dĂ©clin d’abondance (46 Ă  71%) et de l'altĂ©ration comportementale vers des individus plus craintifs (50 Ă  80%). Globalement, les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie ne sont pas efficaces pour la protection des requins. NĂ©anmoins, la rĂ©serve intĂ©grale Merlet hĂ©berge des populations de requins proche du niveau de rĂ©cifs isolĂ©s de l’archipel et protĂšge une partie du comportement. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail rĂ©vĂšlent 1) l'importance et le caractĂšre unique des rĂ©cifs coralliens isolĂ©s ; 2) qu'en absence de pĂȘche la proximitĂ© humaine conditionne l'abondance et le comportement des requins de rĂ©cifs avec des consĂ©quences Ă©cologiques potentielles sur l'ensemble du rĂ©seau trophique ; 3) que l'efficacitĂ© des AMPs rĂ©side dans leur capacitĂ© Ă  exclure la prĂ©sence humaine sur une surface suffisamment grande.Anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area

    Base de référence, impacts anthropiques et mesures de protection pour les requins récifaux de Nouvelle-Calédonie

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    Anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area.L'impact anthropique sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes coralliens est aujourd'hui largement documentĂ©, que ce soit sur la biodiversitĂ© qu'ils hĂ©bergent, leur diversitĂ© fonctionnelle, les services Ă©cosystĂ©miques qu'ils procurent ou leur capacitĂ© de rĂ©silience. Parmi les groupes trophiques, les prĂ©dateurs apicaux en gĂ©nĂ©ral et les requins en particulier, sont particuliĂšrement sensibles aux perturbations d’origine humaine du fait de leurs traits d'histoire de vie conservateurs (e.g. croissance lente, maturitĂ© sexuelle tardive, faible fĂ©conditĂ©). D'aprĂšs certaines estimations, les populations de requins ont dĂ©clinĂ© de plus de 90% Ă  l'Ă©chelle globale. Afin d'assurer le maintien de leurs populations et de leur rĂŽle fonctionnel dans la communautĂ©, il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre en place des mesures de gestion adaptĂ©es. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont de 1) faire le bilan des populations de requins de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie ; 2) dĂ©terminer l'efficacitĂ© des vidĂ©os stĂ©rĂ©oscopiques appĂątĂ©es (S-BRUVS) pour recenser les requins en les comparant aux comptages en plongĂ©es (UVC) et Ă©valuer leur possible amĂ©lioration ; 3) Ă©valuer l'impact de la proximitĂ© humaine sur la diversitĂ©, l'abondance et le comportement des requins rĂ©cifaux et 4) dĂ©terminer l'efficacitĂ© des mesures de gestion en place pour protĂ©ger ces espĂšces emblĂ©matiques. Les rĂ©sultats des deux mĂ©thodes de recensement montrent un important dĂ©clin d'environ 90% des abondances de requins rĂ©cifaux le long d'un gradient anthropique complet en Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie alors que la pĂȘche des requins est historiquement absente dans cet archipel. Une importante altĂ©ration comportementale du requin gris de rĂ©cif (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) face Ă  la nouveautĂ© d'un appĂąt a Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence. Les individus se tiennent plus Ă©loignĂ© du dispositif, interagissent moins avec l'appĂąt et mettent plus de temps pour le mordre avec l'augmentation de la proximitĂ© humaine. Cette derniĂšre est le principal moteur de ce dĂ©clin d’abondance (46 Ă  71%) et de l'altĂ©ration comportementale vers des individus plus craintifs (50 Ă  80%). Globalement, les aires marines protĂ©gĂ©es de Nouvelle-CalĂ©donie ne sont pas efficaces pour la protection des requins. NĂ©anmoins, la rĂ©serve intĂ©grale Merlet hĂ©berge des populations de requins proche du niveau de rĂ©cifs isolĂ©s de l’archipel et protĂšge une partie du comportement. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail rĂ©vĂšlent 1) l'importance et le caractĂšre unique des rĂ©cifs coralliens isolĂ©s ; 2) qu'en absence de pĂȘche la proximitĂ© humaine conditionne l'abondance et le comportement des requins de rĂ©cifs avec des consĂ©quences Ă©cologiques potentielles sur l'ensemble du rĂ©seau trophique ; 3) que l'efficacitĂ© des AMPs rĂ©side dans leur capacitĂ© Ă  exclure la prĂ©sence humaine sur une surface suffisamment grande

    Chapitre 37. Les requins aux abonnés absents

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    Requins gris de rĂ©cif enregistrĂ©s par une stĂ©rĂ©o-camĂ©ra appĂątĂ©e au rĂ©cif de l’Astrolabe. © IRD/L. Vigliola Bien qu’ils soient parmi les plus puissants prĂ©dateurs des ocĂ©ans, les requins sont en rĂ©alitĂ© trĂšs vulnĂ©rables et plusieurs espĂšces font face Ă  un risque important d’extinction dans tous les ocĂ©ans du monde. Des Ă©tudes rĂ©centes rĂ©vĂšlent que 97 millions de requins sont tuĂ©s chaque annĂ©e par la pĂȘche et que certaines populations ont chutĂ© de 99 % (WORM et al., 2013). Contrairement aux aut..

    Low-cost small action cameras in stereo generates accurate underwater measurements of fish

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    Small action cameras have received interest for use in underwater videography because of their low-cost, standardised housing, widespread availability and small size. Here, we assess the capacity of GoPro action cameras to provide accurate stereo-measurements of fish in comparison to the Sony handheld cameras that have traditionally been used for this purpose. Standardised stereo-GoPro and Sony systems were employed to capture measurements of known-length targets in a pool to explore the influence of the type of camera, distance to camera rig, angle to the optical axis and target speed on measurement accuracy. The capacity to estimate fish length in situ was also compared by measuring the same fish on a coral reef with two baited remote underwater video systems, each fitted with both a GoPro and a Sony camera system. Pool trials indicated that the GoPros were generally less accurate than the Sonys. Accuracy decreased with increased angles and distance for both systems but remained reasonably low (<7.5%) at 5 m distance and 25 angle for GoPros. Speed of target movement did not result in any consistent decrease in accuracy. In situ measurements revealed a strong correlation (R-2 = 0.94) between Sony and GoPro length measurements of the same individual fish, with a slope not different from 1 and an intercept not different from 0, suggesting that GoPro measurement errors do not result in a consistent bias at the level of individual fish. Moreover, the investigation of kernel density functions of the length distribution of the entire fish assemblage indicated that difference in measurement accuracy becomes negligible for purposes of comparing population size structure. We suggest a measurement protocol for the use of GoPro stereo-camera systems that improves accuracy, where distance to target is limited to 5 m and angle to optical axis is restricted to 25 degrees. For distances up to 7 m, angles should be restricted to 15 degrees. This protocol supports the use of small action cameras such as the GoPro system, providing reductions in cost and increases in effective sampling efforts, compared with traditional rigs based on relatively expensive handheld cameras
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