Prominence Mass Supply and the Cavity

A prevalent but untested paradigm is often used to describe the prominence-cavity system: the cavity is under-dense because it is evacuated by supplying mass to the condensed prominence. The thermal non-equilibrium (TNE) model of prominence formation offers a theoretical framework to predict the thermodynamic evolution of the prominence and the surrounding corona. We examine the evidence for a prominence-cavity connection by comparing the TNE model with diagnostics of dynamic extreme ultraviolet emission (EUV) surrounding the prominence, specifically prominence horns. Horns are correlated extensions of prominence plasma and coronal plasma which appear to connect the prominence and cavity. The TNE model predicts that large-scale brightenings will occur in the SDO/AIA 171\AA\ bandpass near the prominence that are associated with the cooling phase of condensation formation. In our simulations, variations in the magnitude of footpoint heating lead to variations in the duration, spatial scale, and temporal offset between emission enhancements in the other EUV bandpasses. While these predictions match well a subset of the horn observations, the range of variations in the observed structures is not captured by the model. We discuss the implications of our one-dimensional loop simulations for the three-dimensional time-averaged equilibrium in the prominence and the cavity. Evidence suggests that horns are likely caused by condensing prominence plasma, but the larger question of whether this process produces a density-depleted cavity requires a more tightly constrained model of heating and better knowledge of the associated magnetic structure

Surgical Resection of Convexity Meningiomas: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis

Introduction: Dural convexity meningiomas (CMs) are the most common primary intracranial tumors. Although surgical resection carries relatively low risk, it is necessary to quantify perioperative risks from a large patient cohort and identify factors contributing to short-term and long-term outcomes. Methods: Patients who underwent craniotomy for resection of CMs between January 2012-December 2018 at a single large academic center were reviewed for pre-operative demographics, radiographic characteristics, and post-operative outcomes. Results: 122 cases of CMs were identified. Common presenting symptoms included headache (39.3%), seizure (27.0%) and weakness/paralysis (18%). CMs were located over frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes in 57.4%, 22.1%, 27.0%, and 9.0%, respectively. Mean maximal tumor dimension was 41.4 mm. (SD 18.2, range 9.0-100.0). Gross total resection was achieved in 92.6% (Simpson grade I, 49.2%; grade II 26.7%, grade III, 18.3%). Subtotal Simpson grade IV resection was achieved in 5.8%. Higher histological grades were present in 11.5% (WHO grade II) and 4.1% (WHO grade III) of patients. Mean Ki67% for WHO Grade 1 was 4.2(SD 3.1, range 0.5-17.3). Peri-operative complications occurred in 2.4% of patients, including hemorrhage, venous air embolism, and seizure with zero 30-day mortalities. Larger tumors (\u3e7 cm maximal diameter) had lower mean survival time (p = 0.019, mean difference = 17.3 months (2.861–31.659)), but no correlation with perioperative complications, recurrence, or overall mortality. Discussion: CMs are accessible and amenable to resection. Surgical risk is low, but not insignificant. Tumors larger than 7 cm have shorter survival time. These results help quantify risks for future patients

Affirmative Marketing Handbook: A Guide to Integrated Housing

From the Preface: As fair housing laws have been adopted during the late 1960\u27s and the 70\u27s, tools have been forged for implementing integration and fighting discrimination and segregation. One such tool, affirmative marketing, has come to public attention as the implementation of affirmative action became an important issue in the United States. For those groups interested in avoiding (re)segregation and promoting integrated communities through affirmative marketing, literature on the subject is sparse and scattered. Because of the need for a comprehensive guide, we pulled together existing information, and pooled our own ideas, observations and experiences concerning affirmative marketing to form this handbook. This guide is directed to fair housing organizations, municipalities , members of the housing industry, and community organizations who are interested in the implementation of an affirmative marketing program, and want to know what and how actions might be taken. Many people have helped us with our research. We want to especially thank Kathy Cardona, of the South Suburban Housing Center, for her editorial assistance and Kale Williams and the staff of the Leadership Council for (Chicago) Metropolitan Open Communities for their overall comments and legal analysis

Inspiring the Next Generation: Student Experiments and Educational Activities on the International Space Station, 2000-2006

One important objective of NASA has always been to inspire the next generation. NASA and human space flight have a unique ability to capture the imaginations of both students and teachers. The presence of humans onboard the International Space Station (ISS) for more than five years now has provided a foundation for numerous educational activities aimed at capturing the interest and motivating study in the sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics. Yet even before the Expedition 1 crew arrived at station in November 2000, experiments with student participation were being conducted onboard ISS in support of NASA missions. One of NASA's protein crystal growth experiments had been delivered to station by the shuttle Atlantis during STS-106 in September 2000 and was returned to Earth six weeks later aboard the shuttle Discovery during the STS-92 mission. From very early on it was recognized that students would have a strong interest in the ISS, and that this would provide a unique opportunity for them to get involved and participate in science and engineering projects on ISS. It should be noted that participation is not limited to U.S. students but involves the 16 International Partner countries and various other countries under special commercial agre

Metallicity Gradients in the Milky Way Disk as Observed by the SEGUE Survey

The observed radial and vertical metallicity distribution of old stars in the Milky Way disk provides a powerful constraint on the chemical enrichment and dynamical history of the disk. We present the radial metallicity gradient, \Delta[Fe/H]/\Delta R, as a function of height above the plane, |Z|, using 7010 main sequence turnoff stars observed by the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) survey. The sample consists of mostly old thin and thick disk stars, with a minimal contribution from the stellar halo, in the region 6 < R < 16 kpc, 0.15 < |Z| < 1.5 kpc. The data reveal that the radial metallicity gradient becomes flat at heights |Z| > 1 kpc. The median metallicity at large |Z| is consistent with the metallicities seen in outer disk open clusters, which exhibit a flat radial gradient at [Fe/H] ~ -0.5. We note that the outer disk clusters are also located at large |Z|; because the flat gradient extends to small R for our sample, there is some ambiguity in whether the observed trends for clusters are due to a change in R or |Z|. We therefore stress the importance of considering both the radial and vertical directions when measuring spatial abundance trends in the disk. The flattening of the gradient at high |Z| also has implications on thick disk formation scenarios, which predict different metallicity patterns in the thick disk. A flat gradient, such as we observe, is predicted by a turbulent disk at high redshift, but may also be consistent with radial migration, as long as mixing is strong. We test our analysis methods using a mock catalog based on the model of Sch\"onrich & Binney, and we estimate our distance errors to be ~25%. We also show that we can properly correct for selection biases by assigning weights to our targets.Comment: Submitted to ApJ; 22 pages, 14 figures in emulateapj format; Full resolution version available at http://www.ucolick.org/~jyc/gradient/cheng_apj_fullres.pd

The origins of Inter Library Loans in Australia in relation to special libraries

This paper examines the origins of inter-library loans in Australia in relation to special libraries. Prior to the advent of low-cost computing, union lists in special libraries were rare. In the early 1980's a number of serials union lists for health libraries were compiled that formed the basis for wider collaboration in inter-library loans (ILL). Gratis is a network of special libraries that formed on December 6, 1982, with 14 founding members. The immediate impetus to the formation of the group was the trebling of the cost of ILL. A small annual subscription funds a network now comprising over 250 special libraries in heath and allied fields, many of which are too small to participate in the national ILL network. Careful distribution of workload helps to facilitate participation among large and smaller libraries. This co-operative model has subsequently been adopted by law, emergency services, transport and government library networks in Australia and New Zealand. The paper will examine the origins of Inter-Library loans in Australia and the factors that gave rise to the Gratis libraries network, and its progressive adoption throughout Australia and the co-operative factors that distinguish GratisNet from the national ILL service

Using Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to Support Regulatory Decision Making for Neurotoxicants: Lessons Learned from a Case Study of PCBs

We examined prospective cohort studies evaluating the relation between prenatal and neonatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and neurodevelopment in children to assess the feasibility of conducting a meta-analysis to support decision making. We described studies in terms of exposure and end point categorization, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. We used this evaluation to assess the feasibility of grouping studies into reasonably uniform categories. The most consistently used tests included Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, the neurologic optimality score in the neonatal period, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 5-8months of age, and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities in 5-year-olds. Despite administering the same tests at similar ages, the studies were too dissimilar to allow a meaningful quantitative examination of outcomes across cohorts. These analyses indicate that our ability to conduct weight-of-evidence assessments of the epidemiologic literature on neurotoxicants may be limited, even in the presence of multiple studies, if the available study methods, data analysis, and reporting lack comparability