Study of Senior Citizens in Fargo, North Dakota, and their Perception of Television Commercials and Television\u27s Influence on Medication-taking Habits

Elliot Schreiber and Douglas Boyd, colleagues in the Department of Communication at the University of Delaware, conducted a study in 1980 to find out whether the elderly found television commercials useful in making consumer decisions and what other factors might affect their perception of television advertising. These researchers used a self-administered questionnaire to survey 442 persons at group meetings in senior centers and apartment houses for the elderly in Wilmington, Delaware. The present study was initiated to determine if the same results would be obtained when elderly persons were interviewed individually about their media habits and perceptions of television advertising. The author went a step further and asked participants specifically about television were designed for the young and had little appeal for them. A survey conducted in 1971 by Richard Davis, publications editor for the Gerontology Center at the University of Southern California, reported nearly 80 percent of respondents denied television advertising influenced their buying habits. But the 1980 study by Elliot Schreiber and Douglas Boyd found elderly persons had generally a high regard for television advertising. These investigators reported that 68 percent of the elderly they surveyed said commercials were often or always useful to them, while only 30 percent found commercials never useful. Commercials chosen as most useful and best-liked in this study were those for food and health products (e.g., Geritol, denture cream). Heavy viewers, defined as those who watch three or more hours of television each day, were more likely to find commercials useful than were lighter viewers, those watching one to two hours daily. Findings in these studies that health product commercials were favored and that heavy viewers were more likely to find television commercials useful takes on greater significance when coupled with another aspect of aging the increase in chronic disease and consequent increase in drug use. Approximately 77 percent of the elderly are taking drugs, the number of drugs increases with age. Almost 40 percent of the elderly must take at least one drug per day to be able to perform the activities of daily living, and as many as 70 percent of elderly persons use self-selected over-the-counter drugs, usually without discussing it with either their physician or pharmacist. Given the growth of the elderly population and the large share of the television viewing audience this age group represents, this study explores: 1) How are television commercials generally perceived by persons over age 65; 2) To what extent do television commercials influence preference, knowledge, and use of over-the-counter medications; 3) Is there a relationship between increased television viewing and a corresponding rise in the use of nonprescribed medications

Visual word learning in good and poor readers

Forty students from regular, grade five classes were divided into two groups of twenty, a good reader group and a' poor reader group, on the basis. of their reading scores on Canadian Achievement Tests. .The subjects took. part in four experimental conditions iM which they .learned lists of pronounceable and unprono~nceable pseudowords, some with semantic referents, and responded to questions designed tci test visual perceptu~l learning and lexical ·and semantic association learning. It' was hypothesized "that the good reade~ group would be able to make use of graphemic and phonemic redundancy patterns in order to improv~·visuSl perceptual learning and lexical and semantic association lea~ningto a greater extent. than would .the poor reader gr6up. The data supported this hypothesis, and also indicated that, although the poor readers were less adept at using familiar sound and letter patterns, they were more dependent on· such pa~terns as an aid to visual recognition memory and semantic recall than were the good readers. It wa.s postulated that poor readers are in a double- ~ . bind situatio~ of having to choose between using weak graphemic-semantic associations or gr~pheme-phoneme associations which are also weak and which have hindered them in developing automaticity in. reading

BIM-enabled “Digital by Default” vision for fire safety

In England and Wales, building regulations apply to the design and construction of new buildings, extensions and changes of use. Regulation 38 (BRE, 2019) is a requirement to provide fire safety information to the responsible person at the completion of a project, or where the building or extension is first occupied. Regulations require as-built Fire Safety Information to be handed over by the design and construction teams to the responsible person to maintain and operate a building with reasonable safety. The responsible person is the owner, occupier, or manager of the building. The information would typically include; a fire safety strategy of the building that accurately reflects the fire safety precautions; and design and construction information, services information; and information about fixtures, fittings and equipment. Unfortunately, Regulation 38 has been far from successful and the required information is rarely communicated to the dutyholders in a manner that meets the intention of the authors. There is no requirement for the information to be presented to either the Fire Service or the Building Control Body for assessment. The requirement is merely for the person carrying out the work to confirm that the required information has been passed over (CIC, 2017). The guiding philosophy of legislation requires organisations to assess the potential risks associated with their work activities and to introduce effective measures to control risks. However, in reality the current regulations set the bar too low, with the industry looking to satisfy the minimum standards by the cheapest means possible, magnified by a lack of approval scrutiny. In the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire in 2017 that killed 72 people, the UK Government commissioned the Hackitt Review (2018) of building regulations and fire safety. The Hackitt Review calls for radical change in culture in the construction industry and the regulatory system that assigns responsibility and holds people accountable. It also states that the Government should mandate a digital standard of record-keeping for design, construction and occupation of new Higher Risk Residential Buildings (HRRB) and refurbishments within HRRBs. A BIM-driven dataset is suggested, which requires duty-holders to generate a suitable evidence-base through which to deliver their responsibilities and maintain safety and integrity throughout the lifecycle of a building. This paper will examine the requirements set out in the Hackitt review and explores the need for a digital record of lifecycle building information. It examines examine the role of BIM as an enabler of the digital building information record and presents a conceptual framework that enables rapid realisation of the digital by default vision, via a Safe by Default Asset Delivery framework. It outlines the potential outcomes of the safe by default approach and discusses the potential opportunities and challenges likely to be considered if the BIM enabled “digital by default" vision was to be realised. <br

KAJI AWAL TURBIN AIR DARRIEUS 3 BLADE HYDROFOIL NACA 0018 PADA VARIASI BILANGAN REYNOLD

Kebutuhan akan energi dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat sementara cadangan energi yang berasal dari fossil seperti minyak bumi dan batu bara semakin menipis. Hal ini akan menyebabkan terjadinya krisis energi karena sumber energi tersebut adalah sumber energi yang tak terbarukan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan energi ini perlu dicari sumber-sumber energi baru yang terbarukan, sehingga tidak akan terjadi krisis energi di masa yang akan datang. Indonesia memiliki lautan yang sangat luas, sehingga potensi arus lautnya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai energi alternatif. Penelitian ini adalah melakukan pengujian terhadap turbin Darrieus. Turbin ini memiliki diameter 20 cm dan tinggi 20 cm, blade yang digunakan adalah hydrofoil NACA 0018 dengan panjang chord 6,5 cm. Pengujian dilakukan pada sebuah saluran uji yang memiliki penampang persegi panjang 30 x 32 cm dengan variasi bilangan Reynold 6370, 11980 dan 17615 untuk mencari daya dan efisiensi yang dihasilkan turbin tersebut. Dari hasil pengujian, daya yang dihasilkan turbin Darrieus tersebut pada bilangan Reynold 6370, 11980 dan 17615 berturut-turut adalah 0,00339 Watt, 0,009 Watt dan 0,018 Watt sedangkan efisiensinya 21,95 %, 7,37 % dan 4,52 %. Kata kunci: Turbin Darrieus, NACA 0018, bilangan Reynold dan efisiens

Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in London, 1986-2006: controlled interrupted time series analysis

Objective To quantify the effect of the introduction of 20 mph (32 km an hour) traffic speed zones on road collisions, injuries, and fatalities in London

What is the Source of Bilingual Cross-Language Activation in Deaf Bilinguals?

When deaf bilinguals are asked to make semantic similarity judgments of two written words, their responses are influenced by the sublexical relationship of the signed language translations of the target words. This study investigated whether the observed effects of ASL activation on English print depend on (a) an overlap in syllabic structure of the signed translations or (b) on initialization, an effect of contact between ASL and English that has resulted in a direct representation of English orthographic features in ASL sublexical form. Results demonstrate that neither of these conditions is required or enhances effects of cross-language activation. The experimental outcomes indicate that deaf bilinguals discover the optimal mapping between their two languages in a manner that is not constrained by privileged sublexical associations

The effect of reduced street lighting on road casualties and crime in England and Wales: controlled interrupted time series analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many local authorities in England and Wales have reduced street lighting at night to save money and reduce carbon emissions. There is no evidence to date on whether these reductions impact on public health. We quantified the effect of 4 street lighting adaptation strategies (switch off, part-night lighting, dimming and white light) on casualties and crime in England and Wales. METHODS: Observational study based on analysis of geographically coded police data on road traffic collisions and crime in 62 local authorities. Conditional Poisson models were used to analyse longitudinal changes in the counts of night-time collisions occurring on affected roads during 2000-2013, and crime within census Middle Super Output Areas during 2010-2013. Effect estimates were adjusted for regional temporal trends in casualties and crime. RESULTS: There was no evidence that any street lighting adaptation strategy was associated with a change in collisions at night. There was significant statistical heterogeneity in the effects on crime estimated at police force level. Overall, there was no evidence for an association between the aggregate count of crime and switch off (RR 0.11; 95% CI 0.01 to 2.75) or part-night lighting (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.06). There was weak evidence for a reduction in the aggregate count of crime and dimming (RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.02) and white light (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study found little evidence of harmful effects of switch off, part-night lighting, dimming, or changes to white light/LEDs on road collisions or crime in England and Wales

On the buses: a mixed-method evaluation of the impact of free bus travel for young people on the public health

Background In September 2005 London introduced a policy granting young people aged  60 years. An increase in assaults largely preceded the scheme. Qualitative data suggested that the scheme increased opportunities for independent travel, social inclusion, and a sense of belonging and that it ‘normalised’ bus travel. The monetised benefits of the scheme substantially outweighed the costs, providing what the Department for Transport (DfT) considers ‘high’ value for money. Conclusion The free bus travel scheme for young people appears to have encouraged their greater use of bus transport for short trips without significant impact on their overall active travel. There was qualitative evidence for benefits on social determinants of health, such as normalisation of bus travel, greater social inclusion and opportunities for independent travel. In the context of a good bus service, universal free bus travel for young people appears to be a cost-effective contributor to social inclusion and, potentially, to increasing sustainable transport in the long term. Further research is needed on the effects of both active and other travel modes on the determinants of health; the factors that influence maintenance of travel mode change; travel as ‘social practice’; the impact of driving license changes on injury rates for young adults and the value of a statistical life for young people

Trends in maternal body mass index, health inequalities, and the impact of maternal obesity on NHS maternity services

The primary objective of the work presented in this thesis was to identify trends in maternal body mass index (BMI) over time, the demographic predictors of those women most at risk of being obese in pregnancy, health inequalities, and the impact of maternal obesity on maternity services. A mixed methodology utilised quantitative and qualitative research to address these objectives. Data were collated from 34 maternity units across England, including 619,323 deliveries between 1989 and 2007 inclusive. Analysis identified an increasing incidence of maternal obesity over time, regional differences in incidence, and significant inequalities with women residing in the highest levels of deprivation, and Black ethnic group. A systematic review was carried out including 49 studies investigating obesity and pregnancy outcomes with acute maternity resource implications. The meta-analysis found significantly increased odds of a number of outcomes, and concluded that maternal obesity had a considerable impact on maternity resources, and contributed towards a poorer prognosis for the mother and the baby during delivery and in the immediate post-partum period. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with 30 HCPs across eight NHS Trusts in the North East of England were carried out to identify barriers in implementing maternal obesity services, and to gain HCPs perspectives on what they felt was required in order to address maternal obesity effectively. The study identified the themes of ‘Service Development’, ‘Psychosocial Issues and Maternal Obesity Services’, ‘Information, Evidence, and Training’, and ‘Where to go From Here?’. Overall this programme of research has identified that maternal obesity is increasing over time and is significantly associated with health inequalities. The increase in maternal obesity has an impact on acute services, and HCPs feel that a holistic approach is required through partnership work in order to address maternal obesity effectively. This programme of research has primarily contributed to the knowledge of maternal obesity with the provision of the first national level statistics for trends in maternal obesity. The research has also provided a holistic view of the impact of obesity in pregnancy on maternity services, including the impact on resources and the issues relating to addressing the maternal obesity in clinical practice. The research has also identified aspects of service that need to be improved, and knowledge gaps in how to move services forward to effective address maternal obesity. The contribution of this research to the knowledge base is emphasised in the journal pre-publications, dissemination through UK and European, and international conference presentations, being an invited speaker at a number of conferences in the UK, and I received the 2007 Association for the Study of Obesity (ASO) Student Researcher Award for producing exemplary work in the study of obesity.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Ultra-low temperature structure determination of a Mn12 single-molecule magnet and the interplay between lattice solvent and structural disorder

We have determined the ultra-low temperature crystal structure of the archetypal single-molecule magnet (SMM) [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16(H2O)4]·4H2O·2MeCO2H (1) at 2 K, by using a combination of single-crystal X-ray and single-crystal neutron diffraction. This is the first structural study of any SMM in the same temperature regime where slow magnetic relaxation occurs. We reveal an additional hydrogen bonding interaction between the {Mn12} cluster and its solvent of crystallisation, which shows how the lattice solvent transmits disorder to the acetate ligands in the {Mn12} complex. Unusual quantum properties observed in 1 have long been attributed to disorder. Hence, we studied the desolvation products of 1, in order to understand precisely the influence of lattice solvent on the structure of the cluster. We present two new axially symmetric structures corresponding to different levels of desolvation of 1, [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16(H2O)4]·4H2O (2) and [Mn12O12(O2CMe)16(H2O)4] (3). In 2, removal of acetic acid of crystallisation largely resolves positional disorder in the affected acetate ligands, whereas removal of lattice water molecules further resolves the acetate ligand disorder in 3. Due to the absence of acetic acid of crystallisation, both 2 and 3 have true, unbroken S4 symmetry, showing for the first time that it is possible to prepare fully axial Mn12–acetate analogues from 1, via single-crystal to single-crystal transformations