Conformación de clúster de turismo como prueba piloto en el municipio de Nahuizalco

La conformación de un clúster turístico tiene como finalidad visible el agrupar un determinado sector de empresas que desarrollen un mercado turístico. En ese sentido, dichas empresas contribuirán a lograr una participación directa en el desarrollo de los mercados laborales, en la creación de instituciones e infraestructura especializada y en el incremento de los flujos de información, en donde el mayor intercambio de esta última genera el marco propicio para la innovación, la movilidad laboral y el enlace entre proveedores, productores y consumidores. Las empresas formantes del clúster cooperan para mejorar su competitividad, para alcanzar objetivos comunes y así fortalecer las economías de los lugares en desarrollo. En los últimos años del presente siglo, el tema de los clúster ha empezado a escucharse con más frecuencia y cada vez más fuerte, siendo esta una forma de explicar la ventaja competitiva que se adquiere por medio de la localización y el signo de cómo las comunidades o regiones pueden alcanzar mayores niveles de crecimiento y desarrollo económico, en función del aprovechamiento de los mercados.La presente investigación fue subvencionada por la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. Las solicitudes de información, separatas y otros documentos relativos al presente estudio pueden hacerse a la dirección postal: calle Arce, 1020, Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador, Facultad de Ciencias Empresarial o Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Dirección de Investigaciones calle Arce y 17ª avenida Norte, edificio José Martí, 2ª planta, o al correo electrónico: [email protected] Tecnológica de El Salvado

Intertidal endangered species from “The Strait Natural Park”

En el marco de dos campos de trabajo (2006 y 2007) financiados por el Patronato Municipal de Juventud del Ayuntamiento de Tarifa y el Instituto Andaluz de la Juventud respectivamente, se estudiaron cinco especies intermareales amenazadas del Parque Natural del Estrecho: Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791, Cymbula nigra (Da Costa, 1771), Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) Charonia lampas lampas (Linnaeus, 1758) y Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1776). Se seleccionaron 8 estaciones, y en cada estación se realizaron 4 transectos de 100 m de longitud paralelos a la costa. Se registraron un total de 211 ejemplares de C. nigra (5,3±1,6 cm) y 100 ejemplares de P. ferruginea (4,1±1,3 cm). Destacó la presencia de un ejemplar de P. ferruginea en Punta Camarinal, representando la cita más occidental para la especie encontrada hasta el momento. C. nigra y P. ferruginea mostraron mayores densidades en la zona oriental del Parque mientras que D. petraeum fue más abundante en la.In the framework of the labour camps (2006 and 2007) supported by the “Patronato Municipal de Juventud del Ayuntamiento de Tarifa” and the “Instituto Andaluz de la Juventud” respectively, five intertidal endangered species from “The Straits Natural Park” were studied: Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791, Cymbula nigra (Da Costa, 1771), Dendropoma petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) Charonia lampas (Linnaeus, 1758), Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1776). Eight stations were selected, and 4 transects of 100 m were disposed parallel to the coastline. A total of 211 specimens of C. nigra (5,3±1,6 cm) and 100 specimens of P. ferruginea (4,1±1,3 cm) were registered. A specimen of P. ferruginea was collected from Punta Camarinal, representing the most occidental record of the species so far. C. nigra and P. ferruginea showed the highest densities in the oriental zone of the Natural Park, whereas D. petraeum was more abundant in the occidental sites. When a qualitative evaluation of the stations was conducted based on the relative abundance of species, Guadalmesí (with 17 points of 20) showed the highest interest, with high abundances of the 5 species. Tarifa Island (with 13 points) was also remarkable. Regarding with the limpet populations of P. ferruginea and C. nigra, San García was especially interesting, showing high densities of both species. The qualitative assessment of “The Strait Natural Park” conducted in the present study should be considered by the authorities to properly address future management and conservation estrategie

In1-ghrelin splicing variant is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and increases their aggressive features

Pituitary adenomas comprise a heterogeneous subset of pathologies causing serious comorbidities, which would benefit from identification of novel, common molecular/cellular biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The ghrelin system has been linked to development of certain endocrine-related cancers. Systematic analysis of the presence and functional implications of some components of the ghrelin system, including native ghrelin, receptors and the recently discovered splicing variant In1-ghrelin, in human normal pituitaries (n 5 11) and pituitary adenomas (n 5 169) revealed that expression pattern of ghrelin system suffers a clear alteration in pituitary adenomasas comparedwith normal pituitary, where In1-ghrelin is markedly overexpressed. Interestingly, in cultured pituitary adenoma cells In1-ghrelin treatment (acylated peptides at 100 nM; 24–72 h) increasedGHandACTHsecretion, Ca21 and ERK1/2 signaling and cell viability, whereas In1-ghrelin silencing (using a specific siRNA; 100 nM) reduced cell viability. These results indicate that an alteration of the ghrelin system, specially its In1-ghrelin variant, could contribute to pathogenesis of different pituitary adenomas types, and suggest that this variant and its related ghrelin system could provide new tools to identify novel, more general diagnostic, prognostic and potential therapeutic targets in pituitary tumors

Splicing Machinery is Dysregulated in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors and is Associated with Aggressiveness Features

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) constitute approximately 15% of all brain tumors, and most have a sporadic origin. Recent studies suggest that altered alternative splicing and, consequently, appearance of aberrant splicing variants, is a common feature of most tumor pathologies. Moreover, spliceosome is considered an attractive therapeutic target in tumor pathologies, and the inhibition of SF3B1 (e.g., using pladienolide-B) has been shown to exert antitumor effects. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the expression levels of selected splicing-machinery components in 261 PitNETs (somatotropinomas/non-functioning PitNETS/corticotropinomas/prolactinomas) and evaluated the direct effects of pladienolide-B in cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in human PitNETs cell cultures and pituitary cell lines (AtT-20/GH3). Results revealed a severe dysregulation of splicing-machinery components in all the PitNET subtypes compared to normal pituitaries and a unique fingerprint of splicing-machinery components that accurately discriminate between normal and tumor tissue in each PitNET subtype. Moreover, expression of specific components was associated with key clinical parameters. Interestingly, certain components were commonly dysregulated throughout all PitNET subtypes. Finally, pladienolide-B reduced cell proliferation/viability/hormone secretion in PitNET cell cultures and cell lines. Altogether, our data demonstrate a drastic dysregulation of the splicing-machinery in PitNETs that might be associated to their tumorigenesis, paving the way to explore the use of specific splicing-machinery components as novel diagnostic/prognostic and therapeutic targets in PitNETs

Small Bowel Enteroscopy - A Joint Clinical Guideline by the Spanish and Portuguese Small-Bowel Study Groups

The present evidence-based guidelines are focused on the use of device-assisted enteroscopy in the management of small-bowel diseases. A panel of experts selected by the Spanish and Portuguese small-bowel study groups reviewed the available evidence focusing on the main indications of this technique, its role in the management algorithm of each indication, and its diagnostic and therapeutic yield. A set of recommendations was issued accordingly.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sexual behavior and drug consumption among young adults in a shantytown in Lima, Peru

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Risky sexual behaviors of young adults have received increasing attention during the last decades. However, few studies have focused on the sexual behavior of young adults in shantytowns of Latin America. Specifically, studies on the association between sexual behaviors and other risk factors for sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV/AIDS transmission, such as the consumption of illicit drugs or alcohol are scarce in this specific context.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study participants were 393 men and 400 women between 18 and 30 years of age, from a shantytown in Lima, Peru. Data were obtained via survey: one section applied by a trained research assistant, and a self-reporting section. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations between use of any illicit drug, high-risk sexual behaviors and reported STI symptoms, adjusting for alcohol consumption level and various socio-demographic characteristics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among men, age of sexual debut was lower, number of lifetime sexual partners was higher, and there were higher risk types of sexual partners, compared to women. Though consistent condom use with casual partners was low in both groups, reported condom use at last intercourse was higher among men than women. Also, a lifetime history of illicit drug consumption decreased the probability of condom use at last sexual intercourse by half. Among men, the use of illicit drugs doubled the probability of intercourse with a casual partner during the last year and tripled the probability of reported STI symptoms.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Drug consumption is associated with high-risk sexual behaviors and reported STI symptoms in a Lima shantytown after controlling for alcohol consumption level. Development of prevention programs for risky sexual behaviors, considering gender differences, is discussed.</p

Small bowel enteroscopy - A joint clinical guideline from the spanish and portuguese small bowel study groups

The present evidence-based guidelines are focused on the use of device-assisted enteroscopy in the management of small-bowel diseases. A panel of experts selected by the Spanish and Portuguese small bowel study groups reviewed the available evidence focusing on the main indications of this technique, its role in the management algorithm of each indication and on its diagnostic and therapeutic yields. A set of recommendations were issued accordingly.Estas recomendações baseadas na evidência detalham o uso da enteroscopia assistida por dispositivo no manejo clínico das doenças do intestino delgado. Um conjunto de Gastrenterologistas diferenciados em patologia do intestino delgado foi selecionado pelos grupos de estudos Espanhol e Português de intestino delgado para rever a evidência disponível sobre as principais indicações desta técnica, o seu papel nos algoritmos de manejo de cada indicação e sobre o seu rendimento diagnóstico e terapêutico. Foi gerado um conjunto de recomendações pelos autores

Prognostic factors in left-sided endocarditis: results from the andalusian multicenter cohort

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Despite medical advances, mortality in infective endocarditis (IE) is still very high. Previous studies on prognosis in IE have observed conflicting results. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality in a large multicenter cohort of left-sided IE.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An observational multicenter study was conducted from January 1984 to December 2006 in seven hospitals in Andalusia, Spain. Seven hundred and five left-side IE patients were included. The main outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. Several prognostic factors were analysed by univariate tests and then by multilogistic regression model.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall mortality was 29.5% (25.5% from 1984 to 1995 and 31.9% from 1996 to 2006; Odds Ratio 1.25; 95% Confidence Interval: 0.97-1.60; p = 0.07). In univariate analysis, age, comorbidity, especially chronic liver disease, prosthetic valve, virulent microorganism such as <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it>, <it>Streptococcus agalactiae </it>and fungi, and complications (septic shock, severe heart failure, renal insufficiency, neurologic manifestations and perivalvular extension) were related with higher mortality. Independent factors for mortality in multivariate analysis were: Charlson comorbidity score (OR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3), prosthetic endocarditis (OR: 1.9; CI: 1.2-3.1), <it>Staphylococcus aureus </it>aetiology (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.3-3.5), severe heart failure (OR: 5.4; CI: 3.3-8.8), neurologic manifestations (OR: 1.9; CI: 1.2-2.9), septic shock (OR: 4.2; CI: 2.3-7.7), perivalvular extension (OR: 2.4; CI: 1.3-4.5) and acute renal failure (OR: 1.69; CI: 1.0-2.6). Conversely, <it>Streptococcus viridans </it>group etiology (OR: 0.4; CI: 0.2-0.7) and surgical treatment (OR: 0.5; CI: 0.3-0.8) were protective factors.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Several characteristics of left-sided endocarditis enable selection of a patient group at higher risk of mortality. This group may benefit from more specialised attention in referral centers and should help to identify those patients who might benefit from more aggressive diagnostic and/or therapeutic procedures.</p

Biotecnología de plantas superiores y algas verdes

Los ureidos, alantoína y alantoato, son los principales compuestos sintetizados a partir del nitrógeno fijado en los nódulos de las leguminosas que se exportan a las partes aéreas en leguminosas tropicales como la judía. Los ureidos se producen por la oxidación de las purinas sintetizadas de novo en los nódulos radicales y también como parte de un proceso de recuperación de los compuestos nitrogenados en tejidos senescentes. Los ureidos se acumulan en varios tejidos vegetales en respuesta al estrés hídrico, y se ha sugerido que la acumulación de estos compuestos nitrogenados es la responsable de la inhibición de la fijación de nitrógeno que tiene lugar en condiciones ambientales adversas. A pesar de la importancia crucial de los ureidos como compuestos de reserva y transporte de nitrógeno, hasta el momento no se llevado a cabo la caracterización de las rutas de síntesis y degradación de ureidos en plantas. En particular, parece que existen dos posibles rutas de degradación de alantoato, y que el que determinadas leguminosas usen una u otra ruta puede afectar a la sensibilidad o tolerancia de esas plantas a la sequía. Por tanto la determinación de la ruta que opera en leguminosas de gran interés agronómico como la judía y el garbanzo, puede a la larga tener utilidad biotecnológica con la obtención de plantas que sean capaces de mantener la fijación de nitrógeno en condiciones ambientales adversas, como la sequía. Además de en la caracterización, con fines biotecnológicos del metabolismo de ureidos en leguminosas, se está trabajando obtención de algas superproductoras de γ-tocoferol (vitamina E) mediante ingeniería metabólica, así como en el análisis del contenido en antioxidantes del aceite de oliv