Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: What Is the connection?

Gut microbiota and its relationship to animal health and productivity in commercial broiler chickens has been difficult to establish due to high variability between flocks, which derives from plenty of environmental, nutritional, and host factors that influence the load of commensal and pathogenic microbes surrounding birds during their growth cycle in the farms. Chicken gut microbiota plays a key role in the maintenance of intestinal health through its ability to modulate host physiological functions required to maintain intestinal homeostasis, mainly through competitive exclusion of detrimental microorganisms and pathogens, preventing colonization and thereforedecreasing the expense of energy that birds normally invest in keeping the immune system active against these pathogens. Therefore, a ?healthy? intestinal microbiota implies energy saving for the host which translates into an improvement in productive performance of the birds. This review compiles information about the main factors that shape the process of gut microbiota acquisition and maturation, their interactions with chicken immune homeostasis, and the outcome of these interactions on intestinal health and productivity.Fil: Díaz Carrasco, Juan María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Casanova, Natalia Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; Argentin

Maternal and fetal risks of planned vaginal breech delivery vs planned caesarean section for term breech birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Breech presentation delivery approach is a controversial issue in obstetrics. How to cope with breech delivery (vaginal or C-section) has been discussed to find the safest in terms of morbidity. The aim of this study was to assess the risks of foetal and maternal mortality and perinatal morbidity associated with vaginal delivery against elective caesarean in breech presentations, as reported in observational studies. Methods Studies assessing perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with breech presentations births. Cochrane, Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cuiden databases were consulted. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO CRD42020197598. Selection criteria were: years between 2010 and 2020, in English language, and full-term gestation (37-42 weeks). The methodological quality of the eligible articles was assessed according to the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analyses were performed to study each parameter related to neonatal mortality and maternal morbidity. Results The meta-analysis included 94 285 births with breech presentation. The relative risk of perinatal mortality was 5.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.61-11.51) times higher in the vaginal delivery group, 4.12 (95% CI = 2.46-6.89) for birth trauma and 3.33 (95% CI = 1.95-5.67) for Apgar results. Maternal morbidity showed a relative risk 0.30 (95% CI = 0.13-0.67) times higher in the planned caesarean group. Conclusions An increment in the risk of perinatal mortality, birth trauma, and Apgar lower than 7 was identified in planned vaginal delivery. However, the risk of severe maternal morbidity because of complications of a planned caesarean was slightly higher

Effects of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin in the small intestine of mice

Iota toxin is a binary toxin solely produced by Clostridium perfringens type E strains, and is structurally related to CDT from C. difficile and CST from C. spiroforme. As type E causes hemorrhagic enteritis in cattle, it is usually assumed that associated diseases are mediated by iota toxin, although evidence in this regard has not been provided. In the present report, iota toxin intestinal effects were evaluated in vivo using a mouse model. Histological damage was observed in ileal loops treated with purified iota toxin after 4 h of incubation. Luminal iota toxin induced fluid accumulation in the small intestine in a dose dependent manner, as determined by the enteropooling and the intestinal loop assays. None of these changes were observed in the large intestine. These results suggest that C. perfringens iota toxin alters intestinal permeability, predominantly by inducing necrosis and degenerative changes in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine, as well as changes in intestinal motility. The obtained results suggest a central role for iota toxin in the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type E hemorrhagic enteritis, and contribute to remark the importance of clostridial binary toxins in digestive diseases.Fil: Redondo, Leandro Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Redondo, Enzo Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dailoff, Gabriela Cecilia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Leiva, Carlos Leónidas. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Díaz Carrasco, Juan María. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bruzzone, Octavio Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Norte. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Carlos de Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cangelosi, Adriana. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; ArgentinaFil: Geoghegan, Patricia. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to Control Clostridium perfringens Induced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry

Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens including Clostridium perfringens (CP), the causative agent of NE. However, the use of AGPs in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance through food-borne microorganisms, which has led to the ban of AGPs in many countries. This scenario has challenged the poultry industry to search for safer alternative products in order to prevent NE. In this context, the utilization of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties appears as a promising and feasible tool to control NE in chicken. In this paper, we review the scientific studies analyzing the potential of plant extracts as alternative feed additives to reduce NE in poultry, with focus on two types of plant products that arise as promising candidates: tannins and essential oils. Some of these products showed antimicrobial activity against CP and coccidia in vitro and in vivo and are able to increase productive performance, emulating the bioactive properties of AGPs.Fil: Díaz Carrasco, Juan María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Redondo, Leandro Martin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Redondo, Enzo Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dominguez, Johana Elizabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Chacana, A. P. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; ArgentinaFil: Fernandez Miyakawa, Mariano Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología; Argentin

Adaptation and psychometric study of the scale for the measurement of fear and anxiety of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women (AMICO_Pregnant)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225822/full#supplementary-materialObjective: The aim of this research was to adapt and explore the psychometric properties of a specific scale to assess the levels of fear and anxiety of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women. Methods: An adaptation phase, by a panel of experts, and a psychometric descriptive cross-sectional study were carried out on the final version of the 16- item, self-administered AMICO_Pregnant scale. Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The consistency of the scale was assessed using the Omega coefficient and Cronbach’s Alpha. Results: With a sample of 1,013 pregnant women living in Spain and over 18 years of age, the mean age was 33 years. The scale showed a bifactor structure (anxiety and fear) that was confirmed with good fit parameters. Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (0.95) and McDonald’s Omega coefficient (0.94) as indicators of robustness of the scale’s reliability. Conclusion: The AMICO_Pregnant scale of 16 items with scores ranging from 1 to 10 is a valid and reliable tool to assess levels of anxiety and fear of COVID_19 in Spanish pregnant women. Pregnant women have shown moderate levels of anxiety and fear regarding the COVID_19 disease in the final phase of the pandemic

Antenatal Fear of Childbirth as a Risk Factor for a Bad Childbirth Experience

Giving birth is one of the most impressive experiences in life. However, many pregnant women suffer from fear of childbirth (FOC) and experience labour in very different ways, depending on their personality, previous life experiences, pregnancy, and birth circumstances. The aim of this study was to analyse how fear of childbirth affects the childbirth experience and to assess the related consequences. For this, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 414 women between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022. The Birth Anticipation Scale (BAS) was used to measure fear of childbirth and the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ-E) was applied to measure satisfaction with the childbirth experience. Fear of childbirth negatively and significantly predicted the childbirth experience. In addition, women who were more fearful of childbirth were found to have worse obstetric outcomes and a higher likelihood of having a caesarean delivery (p = 0.008 C. I 95%). Fear behaved as a risk factor for the birth experience, so the greater the fear, the higher the risk of having a worse birth experience (OR 1.1). Encouraging active listening and support strategies may increase pregnant women's confidence, thus decreasing their fear of the process and improving their childbirth experience

Cuidados en el puerperio durante la Crisis sanitaria por CoVid-19

Introducción: la infección por el nuevo coronavirus COVID-19, es actualmente una emergencia de salud pública internacional y ha sido declarada pandemia por la OMS. Aún se desconocen ciertos datos sobre su etiopatogenia, surgiendo la necesidad de analizar la influencia de la enfermedad por coronavirus durante la etapa puerperal y sus conse-cuencias. Objetivo: sintetizar el conocimiento y las últimas recomendaciones disponibles acerca de los cuidados específicos durante el periodo del puerperio, en relación con la crisis sanitaria por COVID-19. Metodología: se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática en la literatura científica para localizar los documentos de evidencia científica disponibles en las principales bases de datos referenciales: Pubmed, Biblioteca Cochrane y Science Direct. Resultados: la lactancia materna aporta numerosos beneficios al recién nacido, entre ellos, la protección frente a infecciones respiratorias como el coronavirus. Si el estado materno y neonatal lo permite, se recomienda promover la lactancia materna durante el periodo de riesgo infeccioso. La SEGO y la SETH recomiendan la administra-ción de heparina de bajo peso molecular a dosis profilácticas para evitar la enfermedad tromboembólica. La evidencia actual indica que el riesgo de transmisión a través de la lactancia materna al recién nacido es muy poco probable. Discusión/conclusiones: la limitación principal fue la escasez de literatura científica sobre el COVID-19 en relación con el periodo puerperal. Es fundamental que cualquier puérpera con una infección por COVID-19 y su recién nacido sean valorados de manera individualizada, precozmente y evaluada por un equipo multidisciplinar para prevenir resultados adversosIntroduction: the new coronavirus COVID-19 infection is currently an international pu-blic health emergency and it has been declared a pandemic by the WHO. Certain data about its etiopathogenesis is still unknown, arising the need to analyse the influence of coronavirus disease during the puerperal stage and its consequences. Objective:to synthesize the knowledge and the latest available recommendations about specific care during puerperium period, related to the health crisis due to COVID-19. Methodo-logy: a systematic search was carried out in the scientific literature in order to locate the scientific evidence documents available in the main reference databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library and Science Direct. Results: breastfeeding brings many benefits to newborns, including protection against respiratory infections, such as coronavirus. If maternal and neonatal status allows it, it is recommended promoting breastfeeding during the infectious risk period. Both SEGO and SETH recommend the administration of low molecular weight heparin at prophylactic doses in order to avoid thromboembolic disease. Discussion/conclusions: the main limitation was the paucity of scientific lite-rature about COVID-19 in relation to puerperal period. It is essential that any puerperal woman with COVID-19 infection and her newborn are assessed individually, early and evaluated by a multidisciplinary team to prevent adverse outcome

Asistencia al parto inminente extrahospitalario. actuaciones durante este proceso y cuidados a la madre y al recién nacido

La atención de un parto precipitado que acontece de forma rápida en un entorno que no es el de un centro sanitario especializado siempre es una situación estresante, básicamente por dos motivos, en primer lugar porque las personas implicadas en su atención, aunque están acostumbradas a la asistencia sanitaria urgente no suelen ser especialistas en obstetricia y al manejo del mismo y en segundo lugar, un parto inminente en tal escenario comporta un riesgo potencial tanto de la vida de la madre como del recién nacido si no se actúa de forma rápida y segura; de ahí la utilidad de una guía actualizada en la atención y administración de cuidados a mujeres embarazadas que paren fuera del ámbito hospitalario, tanto a ella como al recién nacido.Assisting an unexpected birth that occurs quickly in a setting that is not a specialized health center is always a stressful situation, basically for two reasons; firstly, because the people involved in this type of care, although they are used to urgent health care, are not usually specialists in obstetrics and the management of the same and, secondly, because an imminent delivery within such a scenario involves a potential risk for both the life of the mother and the newborn if there is no quick and safe action; hence the usefulness of an updated guide for the assistance and administration of care to pregnant women who give birth outside the hospital environment, both to her and the newborn

Pregnancy care during COVID-19 epidemic, a drive for change?

La atención prenatal, entendida como cuidados habituales brindados durante la gestación, debe estar basada en pilares básicos tales como tener en cuenta el contexto sociocultural en el que se ofrece dicha atención, garantizar que el servicio sea apropiado, accesible, y de alta calidad, y además permitir una atención personalizada. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud el número mínimo de visitas recomendables durante el embarazo debe ser ocho, con los distintos profesionales implicados en el proceso, además de la preparación al nacimiento o educación maternal. Desde que estalló la pandemia provocada por el SARS-CoV-2, muchos de los servicios habituales sociosanitarios han tenido que adaptarse para proporcionar seguridad y evitar el contagio, algo prioritario en los grupos vulnerables en los que encontramos a las embarazadas. Los profesionales han tenido que acomodarse a una atención telemática, aunando consultas para una menor movilidad de la gestante a los centros sanitarios evitando así riesgos innecesarios. Por lo que toda esta situación ha abierto un campo de trabajo virtual que, si bien antes era llevado a cabo en diferentes ámbitos, ahora más que nunca cobra especial relevancia y requiere una formación profesional para que pueda llegar erigirse como complemento a las citas presenciales.Prenatal care, understood as routine care provided during pregnancy, should be based on basic pillars, such as taking into account the sociocultural context in which such care is offered, ensuring that the service is appropriate, accessible and of high quality, and also with care personalized. According to World Health Organization, the minimum number of recommended visits during pregnancy should be eight, with the different professionals involved in the process, in addition to preparing for childbirth or maternal education. Since the pandemic erupted due to SARS-CoV-2, many of the usual social health services have had to adapt to provide safety and prevent infection, a priority in vulnerable groups where pregnant women are found. Professionals have had to adapt to telematics care, thus attending consultations to reduce the mobility of pregnant women to health centers, thus avoiding unnecessary risks. Therefore, all this situation has opened a virtual field of work that, although previously carried out in different areas, now more than ever acquires special relevance and for which professional training is necessary, as a complement to face-to-face appointments

Assessment of levels of anxiety and fear of Covid-19 in a population of pregnant women in Spain

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the levels of fear and anxiety in the particularly vulnerable population group of women during pregnancy.Methods: Cross-sectional study between March 2022 and July 2022 involving 978 pregnant women aged 16 to 50 years. It was carried out based on the scale for the assessment of fear and anxiety in pregnant women (AMICO_Pregnant) and the collection of sociodemographic data. Normality analysis was performed prior to univariate and bivariate statistical analysis.Results: The sample was composed of a total of 978 pregnant women. The mean of the AMICO_Pregnant scale was intermediate (5.04 points; SD=2.36). The bivariate analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the AMICO_Pregnant scale and the following variables: vaccination schedule status, contact with the disease, weeks of gestation, altered delivery or birth plan.Conclusion: Women with pregnancies closer to term, with no contact with the disease, without a complete vaccination schedule, or who had undergone changes in their delivery or birth plans, showed higher levels of fear and anxiety.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio