Interregional Interdependence among Ecuadorian Provinces: An Input-Output Analysis

In this paper, we explore the structural characteristics of the interregional input-output system developed for Ecuador for the year 2007. As part of an ongoing project that aims to develop an interregional CGE model for the country, this database was developed under conditions of limited information. It provides the opportunity to better understand the spatial linkage structure associated with the national economy in the context of its 22 provinces, 15 sectors and 60 different products. This exploratory analysis is based on the description structural coefficients and the use of traditional input-output techniques. Finally, we further explore the spatial linkage structure by looking at the decomposition of final demand components. It is hoped that this exercise might result in a better appreciation of a broader set of dimensions that might improve our understanding of the integrated interregional economic system in Ecuador.

Sistemas de incentivos económicos y no económicos para el manejo forestal sustentable en Ecuador

La realidad en cuanto a la degradación de ecosistemas como consecuencia de los modelos económicos extractivistas es palpable en el mundo (Berzosa Alonso-Martínez 2006; Shuldt y Acosta 2006). Tal es el caso que la desaparición anual de especies, los efectos por el cambio en los patrones climáticos, la cada vez mayor presión de la población en busca de mejores condiciones de vida sobre el suelo y la calidad ambiental, no presentan escenarios positivos para el desarrollo humano o el buen vivir (Martínez-Alier 2004; Acosta Espinoza 2010; Gudynas 2010). En los dos últimos siglos para alcanzar el bienestar humano no se escatimó la extracción y sobreutilización de los recursos naturales. Hasta mediados del siglo XX los efectos negativos por la contaminación del agua y el suelo, la destrucción de ecosistemas como consecuencia de los sistemas in-sustentables, el comercio y el transporte de recursos naturales dejaron de ser considerados insignificantes. Los primeros cuestionamientos al modelo económico vigente aparecen en el llamado Informe Meadows (Meadows, Meadows, Randers, y Behrens 1972). La contaminación, la erosión, el desmedido crecimiento poblacional, la pérdida de especies, marcan el final del siglo XX, lo que ha exigido soluciones de política pública y privada no ortodoxas, esto debido a la importancia que tienen para las economías subdesarrolladas la industrialización y exportación de productos primarios y comodities generalmente no renovables.La realidad en cuanto a la degradación de ecosistemas como consecuencia de los modelos económicos extractivistas es palpable en el mundo (Berzosa Alonso-Martínez 2006; Shuldt y Acosta 2006). Tal es el caso que la desaparición anual de especies, los efectos por el cambio en los patrones climáticos, la cada vez mayor presión de la población en busca de mejores condiciones de vida sobre el suelo y la calidad ambiental, no presentan escenarios positivos para el desarrollo humano o el buen vivir (Martínez-Alier 2004; Acosta Espinoza 2010; Gudynas 2010). En los dos últimos siglos para alcanzar el bienestar humano no se escatimó la extracción y sobreutilización de los recursos naturales. Hasta mediados del siglo XX los efectos negativos por la contaminación del agua y el suelo, la destrucción de ecosistemas como consecuencia de los sistemas in-sustentables, el comercio y el transporte de recursos naturales dejaron de ser considerados insignificantes. Los primeros cuestionamientos al modelo económico vigente aparecen en el llamado Informe Meadows (Meadows, Meadows, Randers, y Behrens 1972). La contaminación, la erosión, el desmedido crecimiento poblacional, la pérdida de especies, marcan el final del siglo XX, lo que ha exigido soluciones de política pública y privada no ortodoxas, esto debido a la importancia que tienen para las economías subdesarrolladas la industrialización y exportación de productos primarios y comodities generalmente no renovables

Recent Technologies and The Recording Time Detection on Time Reversal Signals

On a recent paper we have mentioned that it would be possible to increment the number of different signals that can be transported in the same frequency interval by means of a device that can discriminate among different recording times. Even nowadays it is impossible to observe the extraordinary fast recording time in a time reversal process for quasi simultaneous signals we give an alternative by means of a series of algorithms that when they sums their performance can get the power of envoy and receive many different information in the same channel by only give distinct recording time for each one. In this paper we use the predicted right way of Fourier transform to explicitly propose the behavior of such multi-filter device

Fourier Transforms for Generalized Fredholm Equations

In this chapter we take the conventional Fredholm integral equations as a guideline to define a broad class of equations we name generalized Fredholm equations with a larger scope of applications. We show first that these new kind of equations are really vector-integral equations with the same properties but with redefined and also enlarged elements in its structure replacing the old traditional concepts like in the case of the source or inhomogeneous term with the generalized source useful for describing the electromagnetic wave propagation. Then we can apply a Fourier transform to the new equations in order to obtain matrix equations to both types, inhomogeneous and homogeneous generalized Fredholm equations. Meanwhile, we discover new properties of the field we can describe with this new technology, that is, mean; we recognize that the old concept of nuclear resonances is present in the new equations and reinterpreted as the brake of the confinement of the electromagnetic field. It is important to say that some segments involving mathematical details of our present work were published somewhere by us, as part of independent researches with different specific goals, and we recall them as a tool to give a sound support of the Fourier transforms

Resonances and Exceptional Broadcasting Conditions

Many technologies have been developed to improve the quality of broadcasting, but persist with the problem that avoids the continuity of communications when the physical conditions of the media change. However, loss of signal propagation cannot be avoided because the refractive index of propagation media changes at the same time as magnetization, electromagnetic potential and other local parameters. That is, there is neither a device nor theories that take into account the effect of the sign of the refractive index under the broadcasting process. Simultaneously with the change of refractive index, conventional waves may find travel conditions inaccessible to the desired destination. In this chapter, we proposed that a sudden change in conditions is due to a resonant behavior of the media naturally described by a homogeneous integral equation of Fredholm. In addition, we propose a method to avoid the loss of the signal due to drastic changes in the broadcasting regime

Optimum Efficiency on Broadcasting Communications

This chapter is devoted to review a set of new technologies that we have developed and to show how they can improve the process of broadcasting in two principal ways: that is, one of these avoiding the loss of transmission signals due to abrupt changes in sign of the diffraction index and the other, preventing the mutual perturbation between signals generating information leak. In this manner, we propose the join of several of the mentioned technologies to get an optimum efficiency on the process of broadcasting communications showing the theoretical foundations and discussing some experiments that bring us to create the plasma sandwich model and others. Despite our very innovative technology, we underline that a complete recipe must include other currently in use like multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) simultaneously. We include some mathematical proofs and also give an academic example

Interregional input-ouptut system for Ecuador, 2007: methodology and results

In this paper, we explore the structural characteristics of the interregional input-output system developed for Ecuador for the year 2007. As part of an ongoing project that aims to develop an interregional CGE model for the country, this database was developed under conditions of limited information. It provides the opportunity to better understand the spatial linkage structure associated with the national economy in the context of its 22 provinces, 15 sectors and 60 different products. This exploratory analysis is based on the description of structural coefficients and the use of traditional input-output techniques. Finally, we further explore the spatial linkage structure by looking at the regional decomposition of final demand. It is hoped that this exercise might result in a better appreciation of a broader set of dimensions that might improve our understanding of the integrated interregional economic system in Ecuador.Interregional input-output model; Ecuador; spatial linkages

Maxwell-Fredholm Equations

With the aim to increase the knowledge of the broadcasting properties under circumstances like time reversal, change on refractive index, presence of random obstacles, and so on, we developed new type of hybrid equations named Maxwell-Fredholm equations. These new equations fuse the Maxwell equations’ description of the electromagnetic fields with the Fourier transform of the Fredholm integral equations appropriate for a broadcasting process. Now we have a new tool, which resembles the Maxwell equations but including contributions from the Fredholm formulation like the resonant behaviour of the left-hand material conditions. To illustrate the usefulness of this new class of equations, we include an academic example that shows the deflection of an electromagnetic beam traveling among a highly anisotropic and left-handed behaviour media

Effect of torrefaction temperature on properties of Patula pine

The objective of this work was to study the effect of torrefaction temperature on properties of patula pine (Pinus patula) wood that could be of interest for further thermochemical processing. Torrefaction temperature was varied from 200 to 300 °C for 30 minutes using a batch spoon type reactor. Raw and torrefied materials were characterized for proximate and ultimate analyses, thermogravimetry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Results showed that torrefied pine has greater higher heating value and chemical exergy due to the reduction of O/C and H/C ratios. Compared with raw biomass, the material torrefied at 200 and 250 °C did not present significant changes  in chemical composition and thermal behavior. Conversely, material torrefied at 300 °C did show important changes in both chemical composition and thermal behavior. Py-GC/MS results suggested that the main constituents of biomass, i.e., hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, suffer a progressive thermal degradation with increase in torrefaction temperature