Los repositorios científicos digitales: conocimiento social en la era del acceso abierto

Nunca en la historia de la Humanidad los habitantes del planeta han tenido tan amplias posibilidades para comunicarse, para compartir y dar sentido en común a sus experiencias y conocimientos, a sus percepciones, a las imágenes de sí mismos y lo que les rodea. Y este momento que es a la vez acto y conciencia de vivir en una de las épocas de mayor re exividad y producción de conocimiento se acompaña de una capacidad tecnológica que parece inagotable

Poverty and the business cycle: The role of the intra-household distribution of unemployment

Conventional wisdom predicts that changes in the aggregate unemployment rate may significantly affect a country’s income distribution and, as a consequence, have a relevant impact on the evolution of the poverty rate. However, the relationship between labour macroeconomic indicators and poverty seems to have become weaker in recent times. Using panel data on unemployment and poverty for Spanish regions we estimate a System GMM model in order to model this relationship taking into account that the intrahousehold distribution of unemployment can be more relevant than aggregate unemployment in order to explain poverty changes. We also test the hypothesis of asymmetric effects of the business cycle on the share of poor individuals in the population. Our results show that unemployment has a positive impact on severe poverty, while inflation has a negative effect. Among the three unemployment measures considered in order to predict poverty, the percentage of households where all active members are unemployed registers the highest explanatory power. We also find that a change in unemployment has a larger effect on poverty during a period of economic recession than during a period of expansion.poverty forecasting, unemployment, system GMM model

Social and environmental impacts of free port and mass tourism models on a small island : the case of San Andrés, Colombia

Tourism-driven development economic models have shaped the Caribbean region since the 1950s, generating major transformations as a result of the implementation of neo-liberal approaches to the territories. The archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, has not been an exception to these phenomena. In particular, San Andrés Island has experienced a process of Colombianization, imposed economic development models, and population growth with serious implications for the local communities and the environment. This study investigated how the free port and mass tourism models for economic development have influenced the socio-economic realities of the island’s inhabitants and impacted the environmental conditions of San Andrés. 63 semi-structured interviews and extensive field observations were conducted. The study explored concepts of overpopulation and resource scarcity, neo-liberalism, neo-colonialism, land grabbing, and marginalization to illuminate the different roles of tourism and resident communities in relation to urbanization, infrastructure systems, population growth, and changes in landscape and land tenure. Large-scale changes have occurred in San Andrés in the last 60 years as a result of the implementation of the free port and mass tourism models. Major infrastructure projects, extensive urbanization and tourism infrastructure, and migration-driven population growth have caused substantial environmental degradation across the island. Events of land grabbing and displacements, unequal opportunities of access to drinking water, in combination with unsustainable tourism practices which generate significant pressure on the island’s resources and ecosystems and trigger conflicts with local inhabitants, have determined the marginalization of part of the Raizal and Continental societies. The economic dependence on tourism portrays a scenario of increasing vulnerability for excluded islanders that have abandoned traditional livelihoods to seek for a better future by joining tourism activities, becoming entirely dependent on the ever-growing tourism. The Colombianization of San Andrés, the free port and the mass tourism model are clear examples of neo-colonial approaches to a territory that shift the power from the local level to transfer it to external, more powerful actors. In an island that depends on the revenues generated by tourism, the uncertainty of the future due to climate change and global processes, require new forms of tourism, territorial planning, and diversification of livelihoods, which should give local communities of San Andrés adequate frameworks and tools to face future changes.M-IE

El liderazgo en las organizaciones de alto desempeño

El Liderazgo es el conjunto de competencias organizacionales fundamentales que el líder de hoy debe tener inmersa en su personalidad. Este debe ser enfocado a los objetivos de la organización a la consecución, motivación, retroalimentación de equipos de alto rendimiento. El liderazgo debe basarse, en el ejemplo sin fundamentarse en un estatus organizacional, en la autoridad o un poder delegado

La perspectiva antropológica del consumo. Mary Douglas y Baron Isherwood

Sólo visión Proyectabl

LA ANTROPOLOGÍA DE LOS MERCADOS

SÓLO VISIÓN PROYECTABLE

New Analytical Methodologies based on Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Ionization-Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Halogenated Organic Contaminants

Programa de Doctorat en Química Analítica i Medi Ambient[eng] The environment sustainability is being threatened by the continuous release of pollutants that can negatively affect not only environmental compartments but also wildlife and human beings. Among these pollutants, halogenated persistent organic pollutants and new emerging contaminants have cause great concern due to their toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacity and/or their high mobility in the environment. Moreover, their hazardous effects are manifested even at trace levels, thus requiring very selective and sensitive analytical methodologies to face their detection in environmental samples. In this sense, atmospheric pressure ionization (API) sources such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for both liquid-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) could offer great advantages to overcome the limitations observed in the determination of these group of substances. In the present Thesis, the feasibility of these ionization sources, especially APPI, has been evaluated to develop sensitive and selective LC-API-MS and GC-API-MS methodologies to monitor relevant halogenated contaminants in environmental samples. API sources have been thoroughly tested to achieve an efficient ionization of neutral per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (nPFAS). The ionization behavior of these compounds was assessed through optimization of the mobile phase composition, the addition of additives or dopants as well as critical ion source working parameters. These studies have led to highly selective and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-high- resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) methodologies (up to fg injected on column). Furthermore, an efficient solid-phase extraction and a fast and in-situ preconcentration headspace solid-phase microextraction procedures have been developed to analyze nPFAS in river water samples avoiding analyte losses observed during evaporation steps. Additionally, the fragmentation pathways of ions generated for these compounds in API sources has been tentatively proposed using the combined information of in-source fragmentation, tandem mass spectrometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These fragmentation pathways aim to provide useful information for the development of target, suspect and non-targeted analysis strategies for the identification of known and new families of nPFAS in complex environmental samples. Furthermore, in this Thesis, the novel GC-APPI-HRMS (Orbitrap) system is proposed to face the main limitations that have been observed in the currently used analytical determinations of relevant chlorinated contaminants such as dechlorane plus (DP) and analogs, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-ρ-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl- PCBs), and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). The soft ionization of GC-APPI has been used to promote molecular or quasi-molecular ions as well as characteristic cluster ions such as [M‒Cl+O]‒, allowing the development of sensitive and selective methods. The use of dopant vapors has been thoroughly investigated to detect the critical parameters that allow maximizing the ionization efficiency of the analytes. Additionally, anion-attachment ionization strategies have been also studied to reduce the in-source fragmentation and to improve sensitivity and selectivity for SCCPs. Furthermore, multidimensional separation strategies (using novel stationary phases and/or ion mobility separation) have been also evaluated to improve the separation of those compounds that often coelute (PCNs or SCCPs).The GC- APPI-HRMS methods developed in this Thesis have shown a great detection capability (up to low fg injected on column) and a high selectivity due to both the exact mass measurements (Orbitrap) and the soft ionization provided by the GC-APPI source. Moreover, they have demonstrated a good performance to determine these compounds in marine sediments, fly ashes, gull eggs, or fishes among other complex environmental samples.[spa] La incesante emisión de contaminantes supone una amenaza tanto para el medio ambiente como para los seres vivos. Entre los contaminantes que han despertado un mayor interés ambiental destacan los compuestos orgánicos halogenados debido a su alta toxicidad a bajas concentraciones, persistencia, capacidad de bioacumulación y para ser transportados a largas distancias. La monitorización de estos contaminantes a bajos niveles de concentración en muestras ambientales requiere de metodologías analíticas selectivas y con una alta capacidad de detección. Así, en esta Tesis se ha evaluado la capacidad de las fuentes de ionización química (APCI) y la fotoionización a presión atmosférica (APPI) para ionizar eficientemente estas familias de contaminantes y así proponer métodos basados en cromatografía de líquidos y de gases acopladas a la espectrometría de masas en tándem y/o de alta resolución (LC-MS/MS y GC-HRMS). Los estudios desarrollados durante esta Tesis han permitido establecer condiciones de trabajo que reducen la fragmentación en la fuente y aumentan la respuesta de los iones generados. Para ello, se han evaluado la composición de la fase móvil, la adición de aditivos que influyen en la ionización de los analitos y diversas condiciones de trabajo, permitiendo establecer tendencias en la ionización de estos contaminantes, haciendo especial énfasis en la novedosa fuente de ionización del sistema GC-APPI-HRMS. Además, se ha estudiado la fragmentación MS/MS de estos compuestos, establecido rutas de fragmentación e identificado/caracterizado los iones observados. Estos estudios han permitido desarrollar métodos que ofrecen una solución a algunas de las limitaciones observadas en las metodologías existentes, mejorando la selectividad y la capacidad de detección. Además, los estudios de ionización y el uso de la MS/MS y de la HRMS han permitido desarrollar estrategias de análisis no dirigido para facilitar la identificación en muestras complejas de compuestos similares a los estudiados en esta Tesis