Développement de méthodes de spectroscopie par résonance magnétique localisée pour l’étude du métabolisme chez le petit animal

Here we present a 1H −13 C filtered method for localized spectroscopy for the study of mice brain metabolism and, also for the development of localized HRMAS spectroscopy methods for the in vivo study of drosophila. The aim of the work on mice was to study the effect of a vascular disrupting agent on glioma. We had to build a probe (cradle + detector) dedicated to this work. With this work we succeed to show the contribution of the 1H −13 C spectroscopic method, compared to the classical one, 1H spectroscopy. For the drosophila part of my work we succeed to perform slice selective spectroscopy on living drosophila using high Resolution Magic Angle Spinning, we even perform chemical shift imaging (1 spatial dimension) which give us a mapping of the metabolites distribution. As far we known, those methods represent two « premieres », and offer new perspectives of research on this insect, which is the most used in this field, particularly because of the numerous genetic studies on this animal.Le travail présenté ici a consisté en la mise au point d’une méthode de spectroscopie localisée proton filtrée carbone 13C chez la souris ainsi que de la mise en place d’un protocole pour des acquisitions, in vivo, de spectroscopie localisée en rotation à l’angle magique sur la drosophile. Le travail sur la souris a en particulier porté sur l’effet d’un traitement antivasculaire sur des tumeurs cérébrales. Pour réaliser cette étude il a également fallu concevoir une sonde de mesure (support + détecteur) spécialement dédiée à ce type d’étude. Le travail a permis de mettre en évidence l’apport de cette nouvelle méthode par rapport à la méthode classique de spectroscopie proton. Le travail sur la drosophile a permis la mise en place de la spectroscopie localisée par tranche, ce qui était l’objectif de départ, mais également la mise en place d’imagerie de déplacement chimique à 1 dimension spatiale, qui permet de réaliser une cartographie de la répartition spatiale des métabolites. Ces deux méthodes de spectroscopie sur la drosophile représentent à notre connaissance, deux premières, et ouvrent des perspectives importantes de recherche sur cet insecte qui est le plus utilisé dans le domaine, en particulier car il représente un très bon modèle génétique

Development of localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy methods for the study of small animal metabolism

Le travail présenté ici a consisté en la mise au point d’une méthode de spectroscopie localisée proton filtrée carbone 13C chez la souris ainsi que de la mise en place d’un protocole pour des acquisitions, in vivo, de spectroscopie localisée en rotation à l’angle magique sur la drosophile. Le travail sur la souris a en particulier porté sur l’effet d’un traitement antivasculaire sur des tumeurs cérébrales. Pour réaliser cette étude il a également fallu concevoir une sonde de mesure (support + détecteur) spécialement dédiée à ce type d’étude. Le travail a permis de mettre en évidence l’apport de cette nouvelle méthode par rapport à la méthode classique de spectroscopie proton. Le travail sur la drosophile a permis la mise en place de la spectroscopie localisée par tranche, ce qui était l’objectif de départ, mais également la mise en place d’imagerie de déplacement chimique à 1 dimension spatiale, qui permet de réaliser une cartographie de la répartition spatiale des métabolites. Ces deux méthodes de spectroscopie sur la drosophile représentent à notre connaissance, deux premières, et ouvrent des perspectives importantes de recherche sur cet insecte qui est le plus utilisé dans le domaine, en particulier car il représente un très bon modèle génétique.Here we present a 1H −13 C filtered method for localized spectroscopy for the study of mice brain metabolism and, also for the development of localized HRMAS spectroscopy methods for the in vivo study of drosophila. The aim of the work on mice was to study the effect of a vascular disrupting agent on glioma. We had to build a probe (cradle + detector) dedicated to this work. With this work we succeed to show the contribution of the 1H −13 C spectroscopic method, compared to the classical one, 1H spectroscopy. For the drosophila part of my work we succeed to perform slice selective spectroscopy on living drosophila using high Resolution Magic Angle Spinning, we even perform chemical shift imaging (1 spatial dimension) which give us a mapping of the metabolites distribution. As far we known, those methods represent two « premieres », and offer new perspectives of research on this insect, which is the most used in this field, particularly because of the numerous genetic studies on this animal

Acidosis-induced metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells enhances the anti-proliferative activity of the PDK inhibitor dichloroacetate

Altered metabolic pathways in cancer such as exacerbated glycolytic flux and increased glutamine metabolism are promising targets for anti-cancer therapies. While commonly observed in glycolytic tumors, extracellular acidosis has never been considered as a potential modulator of anti-metabolic drug activity such as dichloroacetate (DCA). Using cancer cells from various origins selected for their ability to proliferate under acidic conditions, we found that DCA exerts greater inhibitory effects on the growth of these acid-adapted cells than in parental cells. Moreover, daily DCA administration to mice led to a significant decrease in tumor growth from acid-adapted cells but not from parental cells. 13C-tracer studies revealed that DCA induced a double metabolic shift, diminishing glycolysis and increasing intracellular glutamine in acid-adapted cells. As a consequence, DCA reduced the pentose phosphate pathway activity more extensively and increased apoptosis in acid-adapted cells. Finally, the combination of DCA with a glutaminase inhibitor significantly enhanced the cytotoxic effects of DCA. Overall, the interplay between acidosis and DCA exposure leads to metabolic reprogramming that considerably alters cellular fitness

Assessment of Hyperosmolar Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Glioblastoma via Histology with Evans Blue and DCE-MRI.

While the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is often compromised in glioblastoma (GB), the perfusion and consequent delivery of drugs are highly heterogeneous. Moreover, the accessibility of drugs is largely impaired in the margins of the tumor and for infiltrating cells at the origin of tumor recurrence. In this work, we evaluate the value of methods to assess hemodynamic changes induced by a hyperosmolar shock in the core and the margins of a tumor in a GB model. Osmotic shock was induced with an intracarotid infusion of a hypertonic solution of mannitol in mice grafted with U87-MG cells. The distribution of fluorescent dye (Evans blue) within the brain was assessed via histology. Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI with an injection of Gadolinium-DOTA as the contrast agent was also used to evaluate the effect on hemodynamic parameters and the diffusion of the contrast agent outside of the tumor area. The histological study revealed that the fluorescent dye diffused much more largely outside of the tumor area after osmotic shock than in control tumors. However, the study of tumor hemodynamic parameters via DCE-MRI did not reveal any change in the permeability of the BBB, whatever the studied MRI parameter. The use of hypertonic mannitol infusion seems to be a promising method to increase the delivery of compounds in the margins of GB. Nevertheless, the DCE-MRI analysis method using gadolinium-DOTA as a contrast agent seems of limited value for determining the efficacy of opening the BBB in GB after osmotic shock

Novel model of orthotopic U-87 MG glioblastoma resection in athymic nude mice.

In vitro and in vivo models of experimental glioma are useful tools to gain a better understanding of glioblastoma (GBM) and to investigate novel treatment strategies. However, the majority of preclinical models focus on treating solid intracranial tumours, despite surgical resection being the mainstay in the standard care of patients with GBM today. The lack of resection and recurrence models therefore has undermined efforts in finding a treatment for this disease. Here we present a novel orthotopic tumour resection and recurrence model that has potential for the investigation of local delivery strategies in the treatment of GBM. The model presented is simple to achieve through the use of a biopsy punch, is reproducible, does not require specific or expensive equipment, and results in a resection cavity suitable for local drug delivery systems, such as the implantation or injection of hydrogels. We show that tumour resection is well tolerated, does not induce deleterious neurological deficits, and significantly prolongs survival of mice bearing U-87 MG GBM tumours. In addition, the resulting cavity could accommodate adequate amounts of hydrogels for local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to eliminate residual tumour cells that can induce tumour recurrence

Lipid nanocapsules as in vivo oxygen sensors using magnetic resonance imaging.

Hypoxia is common occurrence of the tumour microenvironment, wherein heterogeneous gradients of O give rise to tumoural cells which are highly malignant, metastatic, and resistant to therapeutic efforts. Thus, the assessment and imaging of hypoxia is essential for tumour diagnosis and treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging and, more specifically, the quantitative assessment of longitudinal relaxation time enhancement, was shown to enable the mapping of oxygen in tumours with increased sensitivity for lipids as compared to water signal. Unfortunately, this can only be applied to tumours with high lipid content. To overcome this issue, we propose the use of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs). LNCs have been demonstrated as excellent core-shell nanocarriers, wherein the lipidic-core is used for lipophilic drug encapsulation, enabling treatment of highly malignant tumours. Herein, however, we exploited the lipidic-core of the LNCs to develop a simple but effective technique to increase the lipidic content within tissues to enable the assessment and mapping of pO. LNCs were prepared using the phase-inversion technique to produce 60 nm sized nanoparticles, and in vitro studies demonstrated the permeability and responsiveness of LNCs to O. To evaluate the ability of LNCs to respond to changes in pOin vivo, after a hyperoxic challenge, three animal models, namely a normal tissue model (gastrocnemius muscle tissue) and two tumour tissue models (subcutaneous fibrosarcoma and intracerebral glioblastoma) were explored. LNCs were found to be responsive to variation of Oin vivo. Moreover, the use of MRI enabled the mapping of oxygen gradients and heterogeneity within tumours

Codelivery of paclitaxel and temozolomide through a photopolymerizable hydrogel prevents glioblastoma recurrence after surgical resection.

A photopolymerizable hydrogel-based local drug delivery system was developed for the postsurgical treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). We aimed for a local drug combination therapy with paclitaxel (PTX) and temozolomide (TMZ) within a hydrogel to synergistically inhibit tumor growth. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TMZ was assessed in U87MG cells. We demonstrated the synergistic effect of PTX and TMZ on U87MG cells by clonogenic assay. Treatment with TMZ did not induce O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase related drug resistance in tumor-bearing mice. PTX had sustained release for at least 1 month in vivo in healthy mice brains. The drug combination was tolerable and suppressed tumor growth more efficiently than the single drugs in the U87MG orthotopic tumor model. The PTX and TMZ codelivery hydrogel showed superior antitumor effects and can be considered a promising approach for the postsurgical treatment of GBM

Impact of Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier on the Tumor Extracellular pH as Measured by CEST-MRI

(1) Background: The acidosis of the tumor micro-environment may have profound impact on cancer progression and on the efficacy of treatments. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of a treatment with UK-5099, a mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor on tumor extracellular pH (pHe); (2) Methods: glucose consumption, lactate secretion and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were measured in vitro after exposure of cervix cancer SiHa cells and breast cancer 4T1 cells to UK-5099 (10 µM). Mice bearing the 4T1 tumor model were treated daily during four days with UK-5099 (3 mg/kg). The pHe was evaluated in vivo using either chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST)-MRI with iopamidol as pHe reporter probe or 31P-NMR spectroscopy with 3-aminopropylphosphonate (3-APP). MR protocols were applied before and after 4 days of treatment; (3) Results: glucose consumption, lactate release and ECAR were increased in both cell lines after UK-5099 exposure. CEST-MRI showed a significant decrease in tumor pHe of 0.22 units in UK-5099-treated mice while there was no change over time for mice treated with the vehicle. Parametric images showed a large heterogeneity in response with 16% of voxels shifting to pHe values under 7.0. In contrast, 31P-NMR spectroscopy was unable to detect any significant variation in pHe; (4) Conclusions: MPC inhibition led to a moderate acidification of the extracellular medium in vivo. CEST-MRI provided high resolution parametric images (0.44 µL/voxel) of pHe highlighting the heterogeneity of response within the tumor when exposed to UK-5099