Novel Non-Thermal Processing Technologies: Impact on Food Phenolic Compounds during Processing

In recent times, food consumption has advanced beyond simply meeting growth and development needs to include the supply of ingredients that can protect against diseases. Among such non-nutritive ingredients are phenolic compounds. These are benzene-ringed secondary metabolites produced in plants upon exposure to environmental stress. Previous studies have linked phenolic compounds to bioactive benefits (e.g., antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer) with these bioactivities dependent on their biochemical structure and concentrations of individual phenolic compounds present in the food system. However, majority of plant foods are thermally processed into ready-to-eat forms, with these processing methods potentially altering the structure and subsequent bioactivities of endogenous phenolic compounds. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to highlight on emerging non-thermal novel technologies (such as pulsed electric field, radiation, ultrasonication, high hydrostatic pressure processing and high pressure carbon dioxide processing) that can be exploited by the food industry to preserve/enhance bioactivities of phenolic compounds during processing

Researching African Women and Gender Studies: New Social Science Perspectives

Research on African women and gender studies has grown substantially to a position where African-centered gender theories and praxis contribute to theorizing on global feminist scholarship. Africanist scholars in this field have explored new areas such as transnational and multiracial feminisms, both of which address the complex and interlocking conditions that impact women\u27s lives and produce oppression, opportunity and privilege. In addition, emergent African-centered research on women and gender explores those critical areas of research frequently addressed in the global North which have historically been ignored or marginalized in the African context such as family, work, social and political movements, sexuality, health, technology, migration, and popular Culture. This article examines these developments in African gender studies scholarship and highlights the contributions that new research on understudied linguistic Populations, masculinity, migration, political development and social movements and the virtual world are making to global feminist discourse

A Research and Development (R&D) roadmap for influenza vaccines: Looking toward the future

Improved influenza vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of seasonal influenza and to ensure a rapid and effective public-health response to future influenza pandemics. The Influenza Vaccines Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap (IVR) was created, through an extensive international stakeholder engagement process, to promote influenza vaccine R&D. The roadmap covers a 10-year timeframe and is organized into six sections: virology; immunology; vaccinology for seasonal influenza vaccines; vaccinology for universal influenza vaccines; animal and human influenza virus infection models; and policy, finance, and regulation. Each section identifies barriers, gaps, strategic goals, milestones, and additional R&D priorities germane to that area. The roadmap includes 113 specific R&D milestones, 37 of which have been designated high priority by the IVR expert taskforce. This report summarizes the major issues and priority areas of research outlined in the IVR. By identifying the key issues and steps to address them, the roadmap not only encourages research aimed at new solutions, but also provides guidance on the use of innovative tools to drive breakthroughs in influenza vaccine R&D.publishedVersio

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Microalgae: Bioactive Composition, Health Benefits, Safety and Prospects as Potential High-Value Ingredients for the Functional Food Industry

Global population is estimated to reach about 9.22 billion by 2075. The increasing knowledge on the relationship between food biochemistry and positive health gives an indication of the urgency to exploit food resources that are not only sustainable but also impact human health beyond basic nutrition. A typical example of such novel food is microalgae, an aquatic microorganism with a plethora of diverse bioactive compounds including phenolics, carotenoids, vitamin B12 and peptides. Microalgal bioactive compounds have been shown to possess positive health effects such as antihypertensive, anti-obesity, antioxidative, anticancer and cardiovascular protection. Although, the utilization of microalgal biomass by the functional food industry has faced lots of challenges because of species diversity and variations in biomass and cultivation factors. Other documented challenges were ascribed to changes in functional structures during extraction and purification due to inefficient bio-processing techniques, inconclusive literature information on the bioavailability and safety of the microalgal bioactive compounds and the fishy odor and taste when applied in food formulations. In spite of these challenges, great opportunities exist to exploit their utilization for the development of functional foods. Microalgae are a renewable resource and have fast growth rate. Therefore, detailed research is needed to bridge these challenges to pave way for large-scale commercialization of microalgal-based healthy foods. The focus of this review is to discuss the potential of microalgae as natural ingredients for functional food development, factors limiting their acceptance and utilization in the food industry as well as their safety concerns with respect to human consumption

Oxidative Stability of Walnut Kernel and Oil: Chemical Compositions and Sensory Aroma Compounds

The impact of storage temperature and time on quality of two walnut cultivars (Juglans regia Chandler and Howard) were evaluated. Free fatty acids, peroxides, and oxidative stabilities exhibited significant changes. After the storage period, γ-, δ-, and α-tocopherols in Howard oil significantly reduced by 42, 56, and 100% at 5 °C, while 23 °C showed 48, 42, and 100% losses, respectively. For Chandler oil, storage at 5 °C reduced γ-, δ-, and α-tocopherols by 19, 24, and 100%, while 23 °C caused 42, 45, and 100% losses, respectively. Storage of Howard kernels, up to month four, significantly reduced total phenolics by 9 and 18%, at 23 and 5 °C, respectively, whereas Chandler also reduced by 9 and 27%, at 23 and 5 °C, respectively. Additionally, 14 phenolic compounds were profiled in kernels, where flavonoids were dominant than phenolic acids. At the end of month four, the dominant phenolic compound was gallic acid at 23 °C (981.68 and 703 mg/kg for Chandler and Howard, respectively). Additionally, positive correlations were observed between rancid sensory perceptions and oxidative volatiles. Storage conditions are crucial for maintaining the sensory and nutritional attributes of walnuts during postharvest management

Gettysburg, a Magazine for Gettysburg College Alumni, Parents, and Friends; Gettysburg Alumni Bulletin; Gettysburg Alumni Magazine; Gettysburg College Bulletin;

The Gettysburg College Alumni Magazine was first published in 1930 as The Gettysburg Alumnus. The publication later expanded its focus to include Gettysburg College alumni, parents, and friends.� The online collection features earlier issues of the magazine.� The Class Notes section of each issue is not accessible online but may be viewed, along with the entire series, in the Special Collections Reading Room.SporlsiJews SPORTS HOTLINE For the latest scores in Gettysburg College sports, check gettysburgsports.com by Braden Snyder, Sports Information Director Winning Ways Barry Streeter sets conference all-time wins mark Head Football Coach Barry Streeter surpassed the record for all- time coaching wins in the Centennial Conference, gaining his 78th victory over Moravian College on Oct. 6. The win made him the all-time winningest coach in conference history. He surpassed former Franklin & Marshall College coach Tom Gilburg, who picked up 77 conference wins from 1983 to 2002. Streeter is not only the winningest coach in Gettysburg's program history with more than 140 victories, but also the longest tenured coach, Twin Peaks An update on Nic Borst '09 Nic Borst '09 still has his sights set on qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, but a few things have changed since we reported on him in the autumn 2006 issue of Gettysburg. Borst is no longer training for solo competition; instead, he and a friend, Mark Staszko, in Harrisburg, Pa. have been preparing to compete in the men's double canoe. By teaming up, the pair hopes passing the legendary Henry "Hen" Bream (1927-51) on both counts. Streeter joined the coaching staff at Gettysburg in 1975 as an assistant football coach and head coach of track & field. In 1978 he became one of Gettysburg's youngest head football coaches ever. A 1971 graduate of Lebanon Valley College, Streeter earned two varsity letters as a tight end on the football team and two as a defenseman on the lacrosse team. He received a master's degree in health and physical education from the University of Delaware in 1975. to increase their chances of earning a spot on the Olympic team. "Olympic team selections occur in April at a training facility in Charlotte, N.C.," Borst said. "Qualifying has changed and now they choose one boat in each category. We are training harder and smarter than ever before and trying to close the knowledge gaps in technique so that we are in tip-top shape for Olympic trials. We are preparing ourselves to 'peak' when we will need it the most." The transition to competing as a team has been comfortable, Borst said. The vessel they use is made of carbon fiber, weighs only 25 lbs., and is shaped like a kayak but with two openings. Teams compete on a 100-second whitewater course comprising 18 gates — at least six of which are upstream. It is one of the few sports where athletes enter the competition "blind," having practiced only on the whitewater without the presence of gates. Borst has been training harder than ever, has competed in multiple races throughout the country and has even traveled to the Olympic course in Beijing for training and development. He meets with his teammate on evenings and weekends and the two maintain a rigorous schedule, training three times a day using cardio workouts, weights, and a whitewater course in Frederick, Md., for conditioning. The duo also drives twice a month for long weekends to train in Charlotte at the facility where the final decisions will be made. "We are the only twosome that is either in college or working full-time," Borst said. "Our competition is dedicated full-time to training. We are trying to find the time in between everything else. I am usually in bed by 10 p.m. and up by 5 a.m. every day." Wintrr 2007 • Gettysburg College 3

A Research and Development (R&D) roadmap for influenza vaccines: Looking toward the future

Improved influenza vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of seasonal influenza and to ensure a rapid and effective public-health response to future influenza pandemics. The Influenza Vaccines Research and Development (R&D) Roadmap (IVR) was created, through an extensive international stakeholder engagement process, to promote influenza vaccine R&D. The roadmap covers a 10-year timeframe and is organized into six sections: virology; immunology; vaccinology for seasonal influenza vaccines; vaccinology for universal influenza vaccines; animal and human influenza virus infection models; and policy, finance, and regulation. Each section identifies barriers, gaps, strategic goals, milestones, and additional R&D priorities germane to that area. The roadmap includes 113 specific R&D milestones, 37 of which have been designated high priority by the IVR expert taskforce. This report summarizes the major issues and priority areas of research outlined in the IVR. By identifying the key issues and steps to address them, the roadmap not only encourages research aimed at new solutions, but also provides guidance on the use of innovative tools to drive breakthroughs in influenza vaccine R&D