Avaliação in vitro do efeito dissolvente de bebidas carbonatadas (CocaCola® ) e soluções à base de enzimas sobre enterólitos obtidos de cavalos: estudo piloto

Enterólitos são concreções de minerais que causam obstrução parcial ou total do lume intestinal, resultando em cólica crônica e recorrente nos cavalos. Este estudo piloto teve como objetivo avaliar in vitro o efeito dissolvente sobre os enterólitos das bebidas carbonatadas (Coca-Cola® e Coca-Cola®Zero) e a solução à base das enzimas papaína e celulase (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA). Seis (6) amostras de seis (6) enterólitos de 51gramas de peso foram distribuídas em seis tratamentos de imersão: T1: Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: água destilada + papaína (90 mg) e celulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papaína e celulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papaína e celulase; e, CT: água destilada (controle). O volume das soluções de imersão foi de 150 mL, com pH de 7.1, usando um shaker de incubação (Heidolph®, Germany) com 37ºC e 25 rpm, durante 72 horas. A avaliação dos períodos da porcentagem de dissolução (diferenças entre o peso inicial e o peso final das amostras) foram 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 h. Depois de 72 h de imersão, as soluções T4, T5 e T1 apresentaram 47, 38,8 e 14,9% de dissolução, respectivamente. As outras soluções não tiveram diferenças com relação ao CT (controle). Nas condições in vitro deste estudo piloto, as enzimas papaína e celulase potenciam o efeito dissolvente das bebidas carbonatadas sobre os enterólitos obtidos de cavalos. Mais estudos são sugeridos, uma vez que só existe literatura sobre a dissolução de fitobezoares e não de enterólitos.Enteroliths are concretions of minerals that cause partial or total obstruction of the intestinal lumen, resulting in recurrent and chronic colic in horses. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the in vitro solvent effect of carbonated beverages (Coca-Cola® and Coca-Cola® Zero), and papain and cellulase enzymes (Robinson Pharma®, Santa Ana, CA, USA) on enteroliths obtained from horses. Six 51-grams samples of six enteroliths were assigned to six treatments of immersion solutions: T1, Coca-Cola®; T2: Coca-Cola® Zero; T3: distilled water + papain (90 mg) and cellulase (120 mg); T4: Coca-Cola® + papain and cellulase; T5: Coca-Cola® Zero + papain and cellulase; and, CT: distilled water (control). The volume for immersion in the assigned solution was 150 mL, at a pH of 7.1, using an incubation shaker (Heidolph® , Germany) at 37ºC and 25 rpm, for 72 h. The evaluation periods of the dissolution percentage (difference between the initial weight and final weight of the samples), were 0, 3, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. After 72 h of immersion, solutions T4, T5, and T1 presented 47, 38.8, and 14.9% of dissolution, respectively. The other solutions did not have major differences with CT (control). Under the in vitro conditions of this pilot study, papain and cellulase enzymes potentiated the dissolving effect of the carbonated solutions on the enteroliths obtained from horses. Further studies are suggested since the existing literature is on the dissolution of phytobezoars and not of enteroliths.

Pilot work on rabbits inducing ischemia/ reperfusion to test two terapeutic protocols

Con el fin de establecer parámetros comparativos sobre el efecto de dos alternativas terapéuticas para el trata-miento del síndrome isquemia y reperfusión en medicina veterinaria, 30 conejos de la raza Nueva Zelanda, de aproximadamente 300 g. de peso, fueron sometidos a isquemia mediante clampeo de dos segmentos del in-testino delgado (yeyuno), uno comprometiendo el riego venoso yotro con compromiso arterio-venoso. Después de una hora de isquemia, se aplicaron los tratamientos en prueba, ozono y glucosa+insulina+potasio (GIP), dejando un grupo control sin tratar, para luego permitir el reestablecimiento del flujo sanguíneo dos horas después de la isquemia. Se tomaron muestras de los segmentos intestinales de cada grupo antes de la isquemia, y des-pués de una y dos horas del periodo isquémico y una hora del periodo de reperfusión. Para valorar lesiones post-reperfusión a las 12 horas, se practicó eutanasia a todos los animales y se tomaron muestras del intestino manipulado. Se empleó un análisis estadístico descrip-tivo y una prueba basada en rachas (Wald-Wolfowitz) debido a que la variable respuesta no es continua. Se encontró daño epitelial e inflamación transmural en los intestinos muestreados de mayor intensidad en aquellas en las que el tiempo de isquemia aumentó y mayor en las que no tuvieron tratamiento, encontrándose diferencias significativas (p≤0.05).In order to establish comparative parameters of the effect of two alternative therapies for the treatment of the ische-mia and reperfusion syndrome in veterinary medicine, 30 New Zealand rabbits were subjected to ischemia by clamping of two segments of the small intestine, one affecting the venous irrigation and the other one with arterial-venous compromise. After one hour of ischemia two treatments were tested, ozone and glucose + insulin + potassium (GIP), the control group was not treated. The reestablishment of the circulatory flow was permitted two hours after the ischemia. Samples of the intestinal segments were taken before and one and two hours after the ischemia and one hour after the reperfusion period. To evaluate injuries at 12h post – reperfusion, euthanasia of all animals was practiced and samples of the manipulated intestine taken. A descriptive statistic analysis and a test based on aleatory (Wald – Wolfowitz) was used, since the variable response is not continuous. Epithelial damage and transmural inflammation of the intestine sampled was found, with higher intensity of those samples with longer ischemia time and higher in those with no treatment, showing significant differences (p≤0.05).Incluye referencias bibliográfica

Transmural Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Horse Hoof Internal Structures: Comparative Qualitative Findings—Part 1

Ultrasonography is commonly used to evaluate equine lameness-related structures, but traditional hoof approaches cannot adequately visualize internal structures such as the lamellar layer. To address this limitation, we used 62 healthy hooves without digital radiographic abnormalities, made up of thirty anatomical pieces (phase 1) and thirty-two hooves from living horses (phase 2). In both phases, half of the digits were submerged in water (group 1) and the other half in water and ice (group 2) for 24 h. Ultrasonographic views and temperature and humidity measurements were taken every two hours, and sagittal sections were obtained in phase 1. Good quality images were obtained in both phases. The transmural technique allowed the evaluation of several structures of the DEJ (tubular and lamellar strata of the hoof wall, sublamellar dermis, and solar and coronary papillae) and of the distal phalanx (extensor process, parietal surface, and apex). Our findings suggest that the transmural technique following hoof submersion can be useful for internal evaluation of hoof conditions, such as laminitis. However, further validation of the technique in natural or experimental cases is required

Consideraciones para la toma de decisiones oportunas ante el cólico equino: ¿manejo médico o quirúrgico?

El síndrome de abdomen agudo (SAA) es una condición clínica con fuerte impacto en la sanidad equina, debido a la alta morbimortalidad que lo caracteriza. Múltiples modelos experimentales se han desarrollado para establecer relaciones causales entre la presentación de alteraciones en el abdomen y la severidad del cólico equino. La investigación constantemente intenta crear protocolos de atención oportuna y precisa, con el fin de disminuir la tasa de mortalidad. Estos protocolos buscan reducir las imprecisiones en el plan terapéutico, sobre todo cuando debido a la severidad del síndrome se requiere intervenir quirúrgicamente al equino. Entre los parámetros incluidos en los protocolos de clasificación del SAA o cólico se encuentran biomarcadores de lesión como el lactato, el cortisol, el dímero D, entre otros, y signos clínicos característicos agrupados en tablas de calificación. Los parámetros mayormente asociados con la decisión terapéutica son intensidad del dolor y respuesta a la terapia analgésica, aunque puede acompañarse en orden de sensibilidad, de la auscultación abdominal y palpación transrectal, naturalmente fortalecidos por el examen clínico completo. El uso de tablas de calificación auxilia la atención médica en favor de un abordaje terapéutico rápido y acertado

Achados radiográficos na região distal dos membros torácicos de eqüinos sem histórico de patologia locomotora

As patologias do sistema locomotor são freqüentes na clínica eqüina. Neste estudo foram avaliadas radiograficamente as estruturas osteoarticulares (articulações metacarpofalangiana e interfalangianas proximal e distal, ossos sesamóides proximais e falanges proximal, média e distal) dos membros torácicos de 49 cavalos, sem histórico de patologia locomotora, utilizados para cavalgada recreativa, reprodução e trabalho em campo, com idades entre 5 e 12 anos (7,3 ± 3,4). Os resultados demonstraram que 42 animais (86%) apresentavam alguma alteração, sendo a ossificação das cartilagens alares a falange distal o achado mais freqüente (N=42; 86%), seguido por entesiopatia, na eminência para a inserção dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangiana distal (N=22; 45%) e/ou nos locais de inserção dos ligamentos sesamoideos distais (N=9; 18%). Doze animais (24%) apresentaram remodelação dos côndilos lateral e medial da falange proximal. Um cavalo (2%) apresentou periostite na superfície dorsal da falange média e dois (4%) sesamoidite proximal medial. Um animal (2%) mostrou osteófito na face dorsoproximal da falange média. Apesar das alterações encontradas, nenhum dos animais mostrou claudicação durante o exame físico.Pathologies of the locomotor system are commonly treated at equine Clinics. The aim of this radiographic study was to evaluate bone and articular structures (metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints, proximal sesamoid bones, and proximal, middle and distal phalanges) of the forelimbs of 49 horses without previous report of locomotor pathology. Animals were used for pleasure, reproduction and farm work purposes, at ages ranging from 5 to 12 years (7.3 ±3.4). Forty-two horses (86%) presented some radiographic alteration. Sidebone was the most common finding (N=42; 86%), followed by entheseophytes, detected at the eminence of attachment of the collatera] ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (N=22; 45%) and/or at the regions for attachment of the distal sesamoid ligaments (N=9; 18%). Twelve horses (24%) presented remodeling of the lateral and medial articular margins of the proximal phalanx. One horse (2%) presented a periostitis on the dorsal surface of the middle phalanx and two (4%) presented medial proximal sesamoiditis. Osteophyte was detected on the dorsoproximal surface of the middle phalanx in one horse (2%). Despite all the anomalies found, no horse showed lameness during the physical examination

Hematological, biochemical, and endocrine parameters in acute response to increasing-intensity exercise in Colombian Paso horses

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los parámetros hematológicos, bioquímicos y endocrinos en la respuesta aguda al ejercicio de intensidad creciente en caballos de Paso colombianos (CPC). Se realizó una prueba estandarizada de ejercicio de campo en 11 CPC adultos no entrenados de ambos sexos. Las variables de interés se midieron antes y después de la prueba (esto es, hematocrito, proteínas plasmáticas totales, creatina quinasa, creatinina, nitrógeno ureico en sangre —NUS, aspartato aminotransferasa, gamma glutamil transpeptidasa, triglicéridos, colesterol, fosfatasa alcalina, cortisol, insulina, niveles de azúcar en sangre). Se encontró evidencia de activación de la respuesta simpática-adrenérgica, descrita para otras razas y disciplinas deportivas ecuestres (esto es, hemoconcentración, cambio negativo en el volumen plasmático, ligero aumento de la creatinina y NUS). Además, se encontró evidencia de movilización y uso de fuentes de energía como glucosa y triglicéridos. En conclusión, el ejercicio de intensidad creciente realizado durante una prueba de campo estandarizada produjo un cambio negativo en el volumen plasmático y la activación de la clásica respuesta simpática-adrenérgica en los CPC.The present study aimed to describe the hematological, biochemical, and endocrine parameters in acute response to increasing-intensity exercise in Colombian Paso horses (CPHs). A standardized field exercise test was carried out on 11 untrained adult CPHs of both sexes. The variables of interest were measured before and after the test (i.e. hematocrit, total plasma proteins, creatine kinase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen —BUN, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, triglycerides, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, cortisol, insulin, blood sugar levels). Evidence of sympathetic-adrenergic response activation, described for other breeds and equestrian sports disciplines (i.e. hemoconcentration, negative change in plasma volume, slight increase in creatinine and BUN) was found. In addition, evidence of mobilization and use of energy sources such as glucose and triglycerides was found. In conclusion, the increasing-intensity exercise carried out during a standardized field test produced a negative change in plasma volume and the activation of the classic sympathetic-adrenergic response in CPHs