Generic Battery Model based on a Parametric Implementation

Batteries are a common element used in many electronic applications. Therefore, the analysis and simulation of these applications requires a battery model in order to validate the behavior of the whole system. Since batteries are based on different technologies, a modeling approach valid for any technology is a potential good alternative. Since there are similarities among the different technologies, it is possible to address the modeling of batteries as generic energy storage elements with particular differences. This work presents a battery model valid for different technologies based on a parametric implementation

Augmentation des besoins en froid et en chaleur pour la floraison des nouveaux cultivars d’amandier

Almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch) has been considered the earliest blooming fruit species, although it has become the species with the widest blooming range of all deciduous fruits after the release of the newly bred cultivars. Blooming of any cultivar takes place once its chill and heat requirements have been satisfied. Estimation of chill and heat requirements for blooming is very complex, due to the difficulty of assessing the theoretical date of transition from endodormancy to ecodormancy, when quantification of chill requirements ends and quantification of heat requirements starts. This date may be assessed by a statistical method based on the different effect of temperatures on blooming date depending on their incidence during endodormancy or ecodormancy. This method has been applied to obtain the chill and heat requirement of the almond cultivars released by the Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA). G-2-25 is an elite selection from the Zaragoza breeding programme, characterized by a very late blooming time. It shows 503 Utah CU, much higher than the other almond cultivars released by the CITA, such as 329 CU in 'Felisia' or 353 CU in 'Aylés' and 'Belona'. It also shows a very high heat requirement, with 10233 Utah GDHºC, higher than 7221 GDHºC in 'Blanquerna' or 9465 GDHºC in 'Felisia'. These results show that the combined increase in chill and heat requirements in a genotype may ensure a late blooming season in all climatic conditionsL'amandier (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch) a été considéré l'espèce fruitière à floraison la plus précoce, bien qu’elle soit devenue l'espèce avec l’intervalle de floraison le plus étendu de toutes les espèces fruitières après l'introduction des nouveaux cultivars améliorés. La floraison de tout cultivar vient quand les besoins en froid et en chaleur ont été satisfaits. L'estimation des besoins en froid et en chaleur pour la floraison est très complexe, étant donné la difficulté d'établir la date théorique de transition entre l'endo-dormance et l'éco-dormance, quand la quantification des besoins en froid finit et que commence la quantification des besoins en chaleur. Cette date peut être déterminée par une méthode statistique basée sur l’effet différent des températures sur la date de floraison en fonction de leur incidence pendant l'endo-dormance ou l'éco-dormance. On a appliqué cette méthode pour obtenir les besoins en froid et en chaleur pour les cultivars introduits par le Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA). G-2-25 est une sélection élite du programme d'amélioration génétique de Zaragoza, caractérisée par une date de floraison très tardive. Elle a montré 503 Utah CU, beaucoup plus que les autres cultivars d'amandier obtenus par le CITA, comme 329 CU pour 'Felisia' ou 353 CU pour 'Aylés' et 'Belona'. Elle a aussi montré de grands besoins en chaleur, avec 10233 Utah GDHºC, une valeur beaucoup plus élevée que 7221 GDHºC pour 'Blanquerna' ou 9465 GDHºC pour 'Felisia'. Ces résultats montrent qu’une augmentation combinée de besoins élevés en froid et en chaleur peut assurer, pour un génotype, une époque de floraison tardive dans toutes les conditions climatique

Asymmetric Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols by Umpolung of Acetylenic Sulfones and ortho-Sulfinyl Carbanions

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of Organic Chemistry, © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.joc.7b02887The generation of diastereomerically enriched secondary benzyl propargyl alcohols by the asymmetric addition of ortho-sulfinylbenzyl carbanions to sulfonylacetylene derivatives via formation of a Csp-Csp 3 bond is described. This reaction proceeds through an unusual α-attack (anti-Michael addition) of the ortho-sulfinylbenzyl carbanions, followed by elimination of the arylsulfonyl moiety. The scope of this alkynylation reaction is also discussed. Moreover, the development of a new approach for the synthesis of optically active tertiary benzylpropargyl alcohols is described, discussing the possible stereocourse of the reaction so as the influence of the ether 18-crown-6 and steric importance of acetylenic substituentWe thank DGAPA-UNAM (project number PAPIITIN205316) for financial support. Financial support from the Spanish Government (CTQ2015-64561-R) is also gratefully acknowledge

Changes in retinal OCT and their correlations with neurological disability in early ALS patients, a follow-up study

Background: To compare early visual changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with healthy controls in a baseline exploration, to follow-up the patients after 6 months, and to correlate these visual changes with neurological disability. Methods: All patients underwent a comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological examination. A linear mixed analysis and Bonferroni p-value correction were performed, testing four comparisons as follows: Control baseline vs. control follow-up, control baseline vs. ALS baseline, control follow-up vs. ALS follow-up, and ALS baseline vs. ALS follow-up. Results: The mean time from the diagnosis was 10.80 +/- 5.5 months. The analysis of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed: (1) In ALS baseline vs. control baseline, a macular significantly increased thickness of the inner macular ring temporal and inferior areas; (2) in ALS follow-up vs. ALS baseline, a significant macular thinning in the inner and outer macular ring inferior areas; (3) in ALS follow-up vs. ALS baseline, a significant peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thinning in the superior and inferior quadrants; and (4) ALS patients showed a moderate correlation between some OCT pRNFL parameters and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score. Conclusion: The OCT showed retinal changes in patients with motoneuron disease and could serve as a complementary tool for studying ALS

An approach to a reference model for a sentient smart city

The interest about Smart City concept has in creased in recent years. In fact, Smart Cities is ex pected to improve cityzens life experience by driv ing the next digital revolution, moving from the personal area (mobile computing, smart home) to the urban area (collective computing and collective intelligence). But the development of Smart Cities is not being as fast as expected. Several problems need to be undertaken in order to achieve the ob jectives of the paradigm. This paper presents an approach to address one of these problems: to or chestrate the platform that is required for gathering information about city, store it in a model and ena ble it for exploitation. The heterogeneity of the po tential data sources available and the complexity of the information nature and structure, make it a non trivial task that have to be solved before commer cial solutions appear and provide specific and non interoperable solutions

Stability of the almond blooming date in a changing climate

Although global warming is increasing the medium air temperature over time, this negative temperature trend cannot be yet appreciated in some areas. Analysis of air temperatures in the Ebro Central Valley (Zaragoza, Spain) during the last 24 years shows drastic changes in temperature during winter and spring and high variability among years. Under these conditions, there is an excess of chill and most almond cultivars satisfy their chilling requirements very early, during the first two weeks of December, when endodormancy finishes. As a consequence, bloom dates are ruled mainly by the heat requirements. Early-blooming almond cultivars showed a higher variation in dates of full bloom because they are more dependent on warm temperatures during January and February, where heat accumulation is slower. Late-blooming cultivars showed more stable blooming dates because their greater heat requirements are quickly satisfied by the higher March temperatures. Cultivars with high cold and heat requirements are desirable for stable late blooming. This characteristic and its relationship with local climatic conditions is essential in choosing cultivars to be planted in a given region, especially to avoid frost risks.Peer ReviewedPrunus amygdalusbreedinggermplasmdormancyPublishe

Aqua(1,10-phenanthroline)(l-serinato)copper(II) Nitrate

The unit cell of the title complez, [Cu(C3H6NO3)-(C12H8N2)(H20)]NO3, contains two nitrate anions and two complex cations, each with two chiral centers, one in the serine molecule and the other at the Cu uion. Each Cu ion displays slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination, with the water molecule in the apical position and the base defined by the aliphatic N atom and one of the O atoms from the aminocarboxylate ligand and the two N atoms from the phenanthroline molecule. The relative position of the apical water molecule generates the chiral center at the Cu ion. In both molecules, the five-membered chelate ring defined by atoms N1, C12, C11, N2 and Cu is roughly planar, while the ring defined by atoms N3, C13, C14, O1 and Cu has a distorted half-chair conformation

Agregación de valor a los hongos comestibles silvestres a través de procesos de deshidratado

Objective: To propose processes of dehydration of wild edible mushrooms as a strategy of adding value to the traditional harvesting of mycological resources, in forest areas of the State of Mexico. Design, methodology and approximation: Simple case study method with a mixed approach, which integrates the perspective of a business plan. Results: There are favorable conditions to add value to the collection of wild edible mushrooms, through dehydration processes. It is a low-cost initiative, based on local mycological diversity and ethnomicological knowledge, but requires the formation of new capacities to guarantee its technical and financial viability. Limitations and implications: The study is exploratory in nature, so its relevance only helps to guide the processes of value aggregation in forest territories. Findings and conclusions: The lack of innovation in mushrooms harvesting generates conditions of marginality among mushrooms pickers. Innovations such as dehydration can help control the unpredictability of the product, its conservation and its entry into new markets. This requires investment in equipment, human capital and greater knowledge of the market.Objetivo: Proponer procesos de deshidratado de hongos comestibles silvestres como estrategia de agregación de valor a la recolección tradicional de los recursos micológicos, en espacios forestales del Estado de México. Diseño, metodología y aproximación: Método de estudio de caso simple con un enfoque mixto, que integra la perspectiva de un plan de negocios. Resultados: Existen condiciones favorables para la agregación de valor a las actividades de recolección e intercambio tradicionales de hongos comestibles silvestres, mediante procesos de deshidratación. Es una iniciativa de bajo coste, basada en la micodiversidad local y los conocimientos etnomicológicos, pero requiere la formación de nuevas capacidades para garantizar su viabilidad técnica y financiera.   Limitaciones e implicaciones: El estudio es de carácter exploratorio por lo que su relevancia sólo contribuye a orientar los procesos de agregación de valor en territorios forestales. Hallazgos y conclusiones: La falta de innovación en la recolección e intercambio de hongos genera condiciones de marginalidad entre los recolectores. Innovaciones como la deshidratación pueden contribuir a controlar la impredecibilidad del producto, su conservación y su ingreso a nuevos mercados. Para ello se requiere inversión en equipamiento, capital humano y un mayor conocimiento del mercado

Anatomy of the Human Optic Nerve: Structure and Function

The optic nerve (ON) is constituted by the axons of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These axons are distributed in an organized pattern from the soma of the RGC to the lateral geniculated nucleus (where most of the neurons synapse). The key points of the ON are the optic nerve head and chiasm. This chapter will include a detailed and updated review of the ON different parts: RGC axons, glial cells, connective tissue of the lamina cribrosa and the septum and the blood vessels derivate from the central retina artery and from the ciliary system. There will be an up-to-date description about the superficial nerve fibre layer, including their organization, and about prelaminar, laminar and retrolaminar regions, emphasizing the axoplasmic flow, glial barriers, biomechanics of the lamina cribrosa and the role of the macro- and microglia in their working