Post-2008 Brazilian fiscal policy: an interpretation through the analysis of fiscal multipliers

A crise global que entrou em erupção em 2007 levou muitos países a embarcar em políticas fiscais anticíclicas como forma de amortecer o golpe de uma demanda agregada deprimida. Os defensores de medidas discricionárias enfatizam que a política fiscal pode realmente estimular a economia. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar se as políticas fiscais seguidas pelo governo brasileiro após a crise de 2008 conseguiram retomar a economia de forma sustentável. Para este fim, os multiplicadores fiscais de cinco diferentes choques são estudados em uma pequena economia aberta. Nossos resultados apontam para o gasto público e para o investimento público como os instrumentos fiscais mais eficazes para combater a crise. No entanto, o multiplicador fiscal mais elevado acabou por ser o associado a reduções de impostos sobre consumo.The global crisis that erupted in 2007 led many countries to embark on countercyclical fiscal policies as a way to cushion the blow of a depressed aggregate demand. Advocates of discretionary measures emphasize that fiscal policy can indeed stimulate the economy. The main goal of this work is to assess whether the fiscal policies pursued by the Brazilian government in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis, succeeded in bringing the economy back on track in a sustainable fashion. To this end, the fiscal multipliers of five different shocks are studied in a small open-economy New Keynesian framework. Our results point to the government spending and public investment as the most effective fiscal tools for combating the crisis. However, the highest fiscal multiplier turned out to be the one associated with excise tax reductions

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TECHNIQUES FOR FISHEYE CAMERA CALIBRATION

Fisheye lens cameras enable to increase the Field of View (FOV), and consequently they have been largely used in several applications like robotics. The use of this type of cameras in close-range Photogrammetry for high accuracy applications, requires rigorous calibration. The main aim of this work is to present the calibration results of a Fuji Finepix S3PRO camera with Samyang 8mm fisheye lens using rigorous mathematical models. Mathematical models based on Perspective, Stereo-graphic, Equi-distant, Orthogonal and Equi-solid-angle projections were implemented and used in the experiments. The fisheye lenses are generally designed following one of the last four models, and Bower-Samyang 8mm lens is based on Stereo-graphic projection. These models were used in combination with symmetric radial, decentering and affinity distortion models. Experiments were performed to verify which set of IOPs (Interior Orientation Parameters) presented better results to describe the camera inner geometry. Collinearity mathematical model, which is based on perspective projection, presented the less accurate results, which was expected because fisheye lenses are not designed following the perspective projection. Stereo-graphic, Equi-distant, Orthogonal and Equi-solid-angle projections presented similar results even considering that Bower-Samyang fisheye lens was built based on Stereo-graphic projection. The experimental results also demonstrated a small correlation between IOPs and EOPs (Exterior Orientation Parameters) for Bower-Samyang lens

Towards a stochastic SEIR model for the COVID-19 post-pandemic scenario

With the current recession of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the corresponding epidemic models need to be adapted to reflect this new reality and continue assisting public health authorities in the definition of policies and decision making. With that aim, this paper presents a SEIR epidemic model for the representation of the COVID-19 pos-pandemic scenario. The model considers the effect of countermeasures such as vaccination and quarantine, and the consequences of the progressive loss of immunity. A deterministic formulation and a first stochastic version of the model are presented, and their implementation in MATLAB is evaluated and compared. To cope with the computational demands of the application of the Monte Carlo method, the implementation of the stochastic version follows a parallel approach that proved to be highly scalable and efficient in a multi-core computational system. The preliminary evaluation results, with fixed parameters, point to a cyclic evolution of the pandemic and a tendency for stabilization in the future.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CeDRI (UIDB/05757/2020 and UIDP/05757/2020) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A banda larga e o cenário brasileiro das telecomunicações

Telecommunication Sector Updat

Geometrical Correction of CBERS-4/PAN Images with Generalized Models Using as Reference National System of Land Management Data

The orbital images have been widely used in several applications in the Earth observation context, which require different levels of detail and positional accuracy. The China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite Program (CBERS) program was originated from a partnership between Brazil and China in the technical-scientific spatial sector. The CBERS-4 satellite is the fifth satellite of the CBERS Program and contains the PAN sensor, which collects panchromatic images with spatial resolution element (GSD - Ground Sample Distance) of 5 m. The researches related to the analysis of positional reliability and geometric correction of CBERS-4 images are still limited. Previous studies with CBERS-4 PAN images with different levels of processing indicate significant positional displacements of the georeferenced images, which are available by INPE (National Institute of Space Research). The positional displacements are incompatible with its GSD. The objective of this work was to investigate the application of generalized mathematical models in the geometric correction of CBERS-4 PAN images using rural properties limits of INCRA (Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária) as control points. These limits are available for properties all over Brazil, which makes it possible to replicate the work at the national level. Images with different levels of previous correction (levels 1 and 2) were considered. Level 1 images are derived only from the application of radiometric calibration procedures, while level 2 images are level 1 images geometrically corrected from satellite orbital data information. In the experiments were considered 3 (three) images at level 1 and 1 (one) image at level 2. The following generalized models were adopted: Polynomials of order 1, 2 and 3; Projective and; Thin-plate spline (TPS). Generalized models have the advantage of not requiring knowledge of the system acquisition parameters, such as focal length, sensor size, among others. However, the generalized models require a significant amount of control points with uniform distribution throughout the image. For the geometric correction process were used different configurations of control points (30, 25, 20, 15 and 10) coinciding with the georeferenced rural properties in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, which presents accuracy higher than 50 cm. The geometric correction validation was performed from the RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) at checkpoints. The polynomial transformation of order 1 presented high values (higher than 10 GSD - 50 meters) of RSME when compared to the other mathematical models, even considering 30 control points. The polynomial model of order 2 presented consistent behavior higher than the other models. Even when considering only 10 GCP presented RMSE between 1 and 2 GSD. In this model there is no significant improvement in the results, even increasing the number of control points. In the other models (TPS, Projection and Polynomial of order 3), there was a significant increase in RMSE when the number of points was reduced. The images used in this work cover part of the Mato Grosso do Sul state, which encompasses the most part of the Pantanal, considered a natural patrimony of humanity. Therefore, these orbital images contribute to the mapping and monitoring of their natural resources and, consequently, the protection of this patrimon

A banda larga e o cenário brasileiro das telecomunicações

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MAPEAMENTO DA VULNERABILIDADE AOS PROCESSOS EROSIVOS A PARTIR DE MÉTODOS MULTICRITERIAIS: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AS CONDIÇÕES AMBIENTAIS DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DA REPRESA LARANJA DOCE, MARTINÓPOLIS – SP

Este trabalho discute uma metodologia para identificar e mapear áreas vulneráveis a processos erosivos a partir do estudo das condições ambientais da bacia da Represa Laranja Doce, localizada no município de Martinópolis – SP, onde se encontram diversos tipos de uso e ocupação do solo. O estudo teve como base teórica o balanço morfogênese/pedogênese para considerar a vulnerabilidade aos processos erosivos, utilizando-se de informações sobre a geologia, declividade, geomorfologia, tipologia e usos de solo.  O mapeamento foi realizado em um sistema de informações geográficas a partir de métodos multicriteriais, sendo um deles a Inferência Média Ponderada e o outro o suporte à decisão por Análise de Processos Hierárquicos (AHP), e validado a partir do contraste com imagens de satélite.  Os resultados caracterizam a situação ambiental da bacia segundo o seu grau de vulnerabilidade aos processos erosivos e indicam que cerca de 70% de sua área é considerada estável. Além disso, às análises realizadas qualificam a metodologia utilizada e evidenciam que tal condição se dá em função das características das unidades de relevo e as formas de usos do solo e, portanto, uma condição decorrente das ações do homem no Espaço Geográfico. Palavras Chave: Processos Erosivos; Uso do Solo; Vulnerabilidade; Análise de Processos Hierárquicos , Sistema de Informações Geográfica

Metodologia heurística construtiva para alocação de bancos de capacitores em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica

This paper presents a heuristic constructive algorithm to solve the discrete capacitor size and allocation problem in distribution systems. Initially the discrete nature of the capacitor allocation problem is mitigated by using a sigmoid function in the [0,1] interval which is incorporated into the optimum power flow (OPF) through modifications in the power flow equations. The proposed algorithm uses the primal-dual interior point technique to solve the OPF problem. Finally, the sensitivity obtained by sigmoid function which is weighted by the reactive loading of the distribution system, determines step by step the location, size and number of capacitors to be installed in the distribution system. The proposed technique is applied in two distribution systems. The results obtained are compared with the ones obtained using the genetic algorithm.Este artigo apresenta um algoritmo heurístico construtivo para a resolução do problema referente à alocação ótima de bancos fixos de capacitores em sistemas de distribuição. Inicialmente a natureza discreta do problema de alocação de capacitores é mitigada através do uso de uma função sigmoidal no intervalo [0,1] que é incorporada ao problema de fluxo de potência ótimo (FPO) através de modificações nas equações de fluxo de potência. O algoritmo proposto utiliza a técnica primal-dual de pontos interiores como ferramenta de solução do FPO. Baseado na sensibilidade fornecida pela função sigmoidal ponderada pelo carregamento da potência reativa do sistema de distribuição, a metodologia heurística proposta determina passo a passo a localização, a capacidade e o número de capacitores a serem instalados no sistema. A técnica proposta é aplicada a dois sistemas de distribuição de energia. Os resultados são comparados com os resultados obitidos através de um algoritmo genético

Nonlinear Feed Formulation For Broiler: Modeling And Optimization

The current scenario requires the application of new computational tools for the feed formulation strategy that uses mathematical modeling in decision making. Noteworthy is the nonlinear programming, which aims not only to formulate a diet that meets the needs of the animal, but also the minimum cost and the maximum profit margin. Thus, the work aimed to validate the use of the nonlinear model (NLM), with maximization of the economic return, through estimates of animal performance and feed costs, according to the price variation of the kg of the broiler (price historical average of 2009 and 2010), the phases of creation and sex. For this purpose, 480 broiler broiler chickens, 240 males and 240 females of the same strain (Cobb 500) were used, from 1 to 56 days of age. The experimental design was entirely randomized, totaling 6 treatments (increasing or decreasing the average historical price of live chicken by 25% or 50%), with 4 replicates and 10 broiler chickens per experimental plot. Performance (weight gain and feed consumption), total energy consumption and profit margin were evaluated. Regarding the formulation principle (Linear and Nonlinear), the performance was very similar in relation to the studied parameters. However, when simulated values of 50% below the historical average, performance was significantly impaired in this specific condition. However, due to the profit margin, it demonstrated that the principle of nonlinear formulation allows to significantly reduce losses (P <0.05), mainly in unfavorable conditions of the price of chicken in the market. It is concluded that the nonlinear principle is more appropriate, since the requirements of all nutrients are automatically adjusted by the mathematical model and with the premise of increasing profitability, different from the linear one, which is to achieve maximum performance and not is directly related to the economic factor