Conformación de la expectativa de formalización de la microempresa marginada en méxico

Con información de 3.565 promotores de micronegocios marginados e informales quehan sido apoyados por el Centro de Investigación, Asistencia y Docencia para la Micro y Pequeña Empresa(México), se analizan las motivaciones y perspectivas relacionadas con el emprendimiento, conel objetivo de conocer si estas podrían vincularse a la posibilidad de formalización. Se encuentra queel deseo de ser financiado, el tener como meta actual la expansión del negocio, percibir potencial demercado o el pretender ser su propio jefe, favorecen sensiblemente la formalización. Claramente nofavorece la formalización el no pretender ser financiado y el tener como meta empresarial únicamentela permanencia como estrategia. La competencia percibida no resulto relevante para incentivar ono la formalización. Fortalecer las competencias del capital humano que busque perfeccionar laformación empresarial es posiblemente el elemento que de forma más directa puede ser incluido enlas políticas públicas, y uno de los que tiene un mayor efecto en la formalización

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Conciliación trabajo-familia: una comparación de las decisiones de empleo entre las mujeres de México y España

The recent world economic crises have accelerated the integration of women into the labor force. This has represented a new challenge in the achievement of work-family balance. The aim of the present study was to analyze the extent to which the feasibility to conciliate work and family influence career choice and the level of women employment from Mexico and Spain. In order to achieve this, data from the Family and Changing Gender Roles IV International Research Project was analyzed by using a multinomial logistic regression model. Occupation was treated as the dependent variable while socioeconomic characteristics, stereotypes, gender roles and household division of labor were treated as independent variables. The main findings indicate that the lack of work-family conciliation increases the likelihood of women’s participation as housewives in both countries. The international comparison showed that gender bias and asymmetry in household division of labor did not lead to extra-domestic work. However, this activity was consistent with traditional gender roles that associate women with child rearing. We conclude that even though Mexico and Spain share certain cultural canons, these countries have differences in the way of conceptualizing the conciliation of family and work, which are also reflected in a differentiated regulatory framework.Las crisis económicas mundiales recientes han acelerado el flujo de incorporación de la mujer al trabajo extradoméstico, lo que ha representado un nuevo reto en la consecución de la conciliación trabajo-familia. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar hasta qué punto la posibilidad de conciliar trabajo y familia determina el grado de inserción laboral femenina y la elección de ocupación de las mujeres de México y España, haciendo un comparativo internacional para distinguir el efecto local, de las tendencias globales. Para ello, se utilizó el método de regresión logística multinomial a partir de la base de datos del programa Family and Changing Gender Roles IV; la ocupación fue tratada como variable dependiente, mientras que las características socioeconómicas y aquellas relacionadas con los estereotipos, roles de género y de división del trabajo en el hogar se consideraron como variables independientes. Se encontró que la falta de conciliación favorece que la mujer se dedique al hogar en ambos países. El comparativo internacional mostró que los prejuicios de género y la asimetría en la división del trabajo no fomentan el trabajo extradoméstico, pero este sí fue compatible con los roles tradicionales que responsabilizan a la mujer del cuidado de los hijos y la atención del hogar. Se concluyó que  aun siendo México y España países que comparten ciertos cánones culturales, existe entre ellos diferencias en la forma de conceptualizar la conciliación entre familia y trabajo, lo cual también se vio reflejado en un marco normativo diferenciado.

La expansión de la microempresa informal: ¿cuestión de desempeño o de empeño?

The results on the relationship between the management of informal entrepreneurship and their possibilities of expansion are still scarce. Based on ENIGH data and through logistic regressions, we explore the characteristics associated with the growth of these enterprises in Mexico. It is shown that establishing the first location or evolving into a second one are structurally different problems, which are not always linked to economic-financial indicators. Although vital to meet their objectives, profits do not seem to be the main trigger for growth in this sector. This could be due to the lack of orientation towards intertemporal profit maximization and the restriction imposed by a growth process on the level of short-term profits. Therefore, in addition to conventional economic-financial indicators other characteristics associated with the entrepreneur and the nature of his project must be considered to understand its growth potential.Los resultados acerca de la relación entre la gestión del emprendimiento informal y sus posibilidades de expansión son aún escasos. Con base en datos de la ENIGH y a través de regresiones logísticas, se exploran las características asociadas al crecimiento de este tipo de emprendimientos en México. Se comprueba que el establecer el primer local o evolucionar hacia el segundo son problemas estructuralmente distintos y no siempre asociados a indicadores económico-financieros. Aunque fundamentales para cumplir con sus objetivos, las utilidades no parecen ser el principal detonador del crecimiento en este sector. Lo anterior podría deberse a la falta de orientación a la maximización intertemporal de beneficios y a las restricciones que impone un proceso de crecimiento en el nivel de utilidades de corto plazo. Por lo tanto, además de los indicadores económico-financieros, otras características asociadas al emprendedor y la naturaleza de su proyecto deben ser tomadas en cuenta para entender el potencial de crecimiento de este

Conformación de la microempresa marginada en la frontera norte de México

Using some methods of multivariate analysis, particularly the cluster and discriminate analysis, we study 174 microcompanies and/or microbusiness mainly dedicated to the elaboration of foods and drinks. They belong to the marginalized segment of entrepreneurs in the Mexican border state of Baja California. We wanted to know how they behave and what the variables that define this behavior are. The results show a differentiated behavior among entrepreneurs depending on variables as age, familiar condition, education and geographic zone of origin. Nevertheless, we must emphasize the relevance of education in the quality of the management of the company as well as a signal in the market that bring up confidence to suppliers and clients. On the other hand, we corroborate that microcredits could help to improve the efficiency of many of these microcompanies and/or microbusiness under certain circumstances.A través de algunas técnicas de análisis multivariante, particularmente los análisis de conglomerados y discriminante, se estudian 174 microempresas marginadas en el giro de alimentos y bebidas en la zona fronteriza de Baja California, a fin de determinar las características que rigen las decisiones propias de su funcionamiento. Los resultados muestran comportamientos diferenciados de los microempresarios de acuerdo con su edad, condición familiar, educación y zona geográficas de procedencia. Sin embargo, sobresale la relevancia de la educación como determinante de la calidad de la gestión de la empresa y a su vez como una señal en el entorno que atrae la confianza tanto de los proveedores como clientes. Por otro lado se hace patente que el financiamiento, bajo ciertas circunstancias, podría ayudar a mejorar la eficiencia de muchas de estas microempresas

O impacto das práticas de gestão econômicofinanceira no desempenho de microempresas mexicanas: uma análise multivariada

Purpose – The goal of this paper is to characterize the economic and financial management (EFM) practices in Mexican micro-enterprises and determine their impact on business performance under the hypothesis that EFM practices focused on achieving the optimal level of liquidity and profitability positively affect the performance of micro-enterprises. Design/methodology/approach – The study applies factor analysis,including both exploratory and confirmatory techniques, as well as linear regression models. Findings – The econometric analysis shows that both economic and financial management are statistically significant in explaining microenterprise performance, although only the effect of the latter is positive, whereas that of the former is negative. Originality/value – The paper’s findings could guide training and microcredit programs focused on micro-enterprise owners in developing countries and help to improve decision-making processes.Objetivo – O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar as práticas de gestão econômico-financeira (economic and financial management, EFM) em microempresas mexicanas e determinar seu impacto no desempenho dos negócios sob a hipótese de que as práticas de EFM focadas em alcançar o nível ideal de liquidez e rentabilidade afetam positivamente o desempenho de microempresas. Metodologia – O estudo aplica a análise fatorial, incluindo técnicas exploratórias e confirmatórias, além de modelos de regressão linear. Resultados – A análise econométrica mostra que tanto a gestão econômica quanto a financeira são estatisticamente significativas na explicação do desempenho de microempresas, embora o efeito deste último seja positivo e o daquele, negativo. Contribuição – As conclusões deste artigo poderiam orientar programas de treinamento e microcrédito voltados a proprietários de microempresas em países em desenvolvimento e ajudar a melhorar os processos de tomada de decisão

Microempresas de base social y sus posibilidades de supervivencia

ResumenEn este trabajo se analiza la posibilidad de supervivencia de las microempresas de base social del estado de Baja California. Para ello se estima un modelo probabilístico logit a partir del cual se estudian diversos escenarios asociados a la posibilidad de que las microempresas superen los 3 primeros años de operación en el mercado. Ello debido a que la teoría de la empresarialidad señala que durante esos primeros años las empresas son más susceptibles a desaparecer. Los resultados indican que las microempresas tienen mayores posibilidades de perdurar en operación cuando los microempresarios cuentan con niveles de educación básica, están casados y la microempresa genera el 50% o más del ingreso familiar. Se destaca el efecto del nivel de estudios de los microempresarios en la oportunidad de supervivencia de los emprendimientos: los microempresarios que poseen el mayor grado de escolaridad presentan la menor probabilidad de perdurar en la actividad empresarial. Las microempresas de base social también se relacionan con emprendimientos por necesidad. Por lo que los hallazgos resaltan la importancia de fortalecer a las microempresas originadas en contextos adversos.AbstractThis paper analyzes the possibility of survival of low value added microenterprises of Baja California. Using a logit probability model, it was explored various scenarios associated with the possibility that microenterprises exceed the first three years of activity in the market. This is because the theory of entrepreneurship highlight that during those early years, firms are more likely to disappear. The results indicate that microenterprises are more likely to persist in activity when microentrepreneurs have levels of basic education, are married and the microenterprise generates 50% or more of household income. Highlight the effect of schooling level of microentrepreneurs in the possibility of survival of the enterprises, microentrepreneurs who have the highest education level are those with the least probability of lasting in the business. The low value added microenterprises also are related to entrepreneurship by necessity. So, the findings highlight the importance of strengthening microenterprises originated in adverse contexts