As principais doenças associadas ao tabagismo e o tratamento medicamentoso no combate ao vício

RESUMO O tabagismo é considerado um problema de saúde pública que aumenta cada vez mais com o passar dos anos. As doenças associadas ao vício, tais como a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e o câncer de pulmão são consideradas como as mais incidentes em tabagistas e causam graves danos à saúde, sendo o abandono do vício a melhor forma de prevení-las. Porém, o grande obstáculo é o combate à dependência da nicotina uma das substâncias contidas no cigarro. Sendo assim, a farmacoterapia foi introduzida no tratamento antitabagismo como apoio aos que desejam parar de fumar, pois apresenta medicamentos que auxiliam a retirada física e psíquica desta substância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os aspectos gerais das doenças que mais atingem os fumantes, além de apresentar o tratamento medicamentoso utilizado no combate ao vício. Observa-se que apesar do tabagismo ser um problema de saúde prevenível, há necessidade de maior divulgação sobre seus riscos e sobre o fornecimento do tratamento que é feito através do SUS.ABSTRACT Smoking is considered a public health problem that is steadily increasing over the years. The diseases associated with addiction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are currently considered as the highest incidence in smokers and cause serious damage to health, quitting being the best way to prevent them. However, the major obstacle is the fight against nicotine addiction one of the substances contained in cigarettes. Therefore, pharmacotherapy has been introduced in treatment as anti-smoking support wishing to quit smoking, it presents medicaments that assist the mental and physical removal of this substance. The general aspects of the diseases that most affect smokers, and present drug therapy used to combat addiction were contemplated. It is observed that although smoking is a preventable health problem, there is need for greater disclosure about its risks and the provision of treatment that is done by SU

Fractional Distillation of Bio-Oil Produced by Pyrolysis of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) Seeds

In this work, the seeds of açaí (Euterpe oleracea, Mart), a rich lignin-cellulose residue, has been submitted to pyrolysis to produce a bio-oil-like fossil fuels. The pyrolysis carried out in a reactor of 143 L, 450°C, and 1.0 atm. The morphology of Açaí seeds in nature and after pyrolysis is characterized by SEM, EDX, and XRD. The experiments show that bio-oil, gas, and coke yields were 4.38, 30.56, and 35.67% (wt.), respectively. The bio-oil characterized by AOCS, ASTM, and ABNT/NBR methods for density, kinematic viscosity, and acid value. The bio-oil density, viscosity, and acid value were 1.0468 g/cm3, 68.34 mm2/s, and 70.26 KOH/g, respectively. The chemical composition and chemical functions of bio-oil are determined by GC-MS and FT-IR. The GC-MS identified in bio-oil 21.52% (wt.) hydrocarbons and 78.48% (wt.) oxygenates (4.06% esters, 8.52% carboxylic acids, 3.53% ketones, 35.16% phenols, 20.52% cresols, 5.75% furans, and 0.91% (wt.) aldehydes), making it possible to apply fractional distillation to obtain fossil fuel-like fractions rich in hydrocarbons. The distillation of bio-oil is carried out in a laboratory-scale column, according to the boiling temperature of fossil fuels. The distillation of bio-oil yielded fossil fuel-like fractions (gasoline, kerosene, and light diesel) of 4.70, 28.21, and 22.35% (wt.), respectively

Identifying Rodent Hantavirus Reservoirs, Brazil

Bolomys lasiurus and Oligoryzomys nigripes are rodent reservoirs of Araraquara-like and Juquitiba-like hantaviruses, which cause HPS in Brazil

The gut microbiome of exudivorous marmosets in the wild and captivity

Mammalian captive dietary specialists like folivores are prone to gastrointestinal distress and primate dietary specialists suffer the greatest gut microbiome diversity losses in captivity compared to the wild. Marmosets represent another group of dietary specialists, exudivores that eat plant exudates, but whose microbiome remains relatively less studied. The common occurrence of gastrointestinal distress in captive marmosets prompted us to study the Callithrix gut microbiome composition and predictive function through bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA V4 region sequencing. We sampled 59 wild and captive Callithrix across four species and their hybrids. Host environment had a stronger effect on the gut microbiome than host taxon. Wild Callithrix gut microbiomes were enriched for Bifidobacterium, which process host-indigestible carbohydrates. Captive marmoset guts were enriched for Enterobacteriaceae, a family containing pathogenic bacteria. While gut microbiome function was similar across marmosets, Enterobacteriaceae seem to carry out most functional activities in captive host guts. More diverse bacterial taxa seem to perform gut functions in wild marmosets, with Bifidobacterium being important for carbohydrate metabolism. Captive marmosets showed gut microbiome composition aspects seen in human gastrointestinal diseases. Thus, captivity may perturb the exudivore gut microbiome, which raises implications for captive exudivore welfare and calls for husbandry modifications