Computational Fluid Dynamics Achievements Applied to Optimal Crop Production in a Greenhouse

Computational fluid dynamics has been successfully used in protected agriculture to simulate greenhouse weather as physical processes. The variables involved are velocity, wind direction related to either absolute or relative humidity, temperature as well as deficit vapor pressure, and carbon dioxide, among others. The research evolution is changing from the traditional validation of new designs and management to testing efficient production with less environmental pollution. This work points out this kind of assessment based on the physical principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Constitutive relationships like Darcy-Forchheimer porosity model in the momentum equation as well as the geometry and physical properties of the materials involved are needed to fulfill the particular solutions of temperature, wind, and humidity. This chapter is enhanced by the effect of solar radiation in more processes like crop transpiration with dynamical meshes and condensation

Potential use of water saved with technification of gravity irrigation in non-agricultural sectors

Objective: Conceptually analyze the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows to save and generate alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the same agricultural sector, or outside it. Design/methodology/approach: The Technified Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated. By measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (DR) 075 Rio Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection. Results: In 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program in DR 075, the volume saved was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3). The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the DR075 Rio Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which means 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level. Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water. Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, it represents that achieving water savings at the farm level would have a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors.  Objective: To analyze conceptually the potential use of water that the technification of gravity irrigation allows in saving and generating alternatives of use according to the extrapolation of volumes, both in the agricultural sector or outside of it. Design/methodology/approach: The Modernized Gravity Irrigation Program (RIGRAT) will be evaluated, by measuring the volumes of irrigation used in the Irrigation Districts (ID) 075 Río Fuerte, 076 Valle del Carrizo, and 063 Guasave, Sinaloa, during the 2015-2018 agricultural cycles. The measured and statistical data are integrated for the analysis of volumes saved by the program and its national statistical projection. Results: The volume saved in the ID 075 was 2,401.02 thousand m3 (2.4 hm3) in 6,114.5 ha under technification of the RIGRAT program. The volume of water saved on that surface represents 10% of the water used by the industrial sector of Sinaloa. It is inferred that the modernization of the ID 075 Río Fuerte in the planted area of 289,780 ha, would imply a saving of 40% of the water that can be used in urban areas of Sinaloa. In the same agricultural sector, it would be possible to save a volume of 187 thousand m3, which represents 6.4% of the water used by the irrigation district at plot level. Limitations on study/implications: Current regulations do not allow the transfer of water volume in its different uses, with the aim of optimizing the value of water. Findings/conclusions: With actions implemented in the RIGRAT program, water saving is achieved at the farm level and there would be a great impact, since agriculture is the main consumer of water and there could be volumes saved to be used in other sectors

El surgimiento y desarrollo de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales

Objetivos del capítulo: Definir el concepto de Relaciones Internacionales, describir el surgimiento y desarrollo histórico de la disciplina en México y el mundo, identificar su objeto y método de estudio, y ubicar el lugar y la relación que guarda la disciplina con otras ramas del conocimiento

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate impact on soil bacterial diversity in greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop

The constant use of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium: MS) in protected agriculture in México has attracted the attention of researchers and producers on their effects on the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of MS on the bacterial community structure in an agricultural soil with tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.) considering the different phenological stages of the crop. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with a completely randomized block design with two treatments: 1) without MS and 2) with application of 400 L·ha-1 of MS. For the determination of the bacterial structure, the biodiversity indexes of richness (S), diversity (H') and equity (J'), identification of operational taxonomic units (OTU) were used through the T-RFLP technique. Application of MS in soil showed no significant effect on bacterial richness. However, the application of MS does alter the structure of the bacterial community (H' and J') in each of the tomato phenological stages. Finally, future studies which include the evaluation of the effects of MS on the physiology of intensive crops and functions in the different soil types are need.The constant use of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium: MS) in protected agriculture in México has attracted the attention of researchers and producers on their effects on the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of MS on the bacterial community structure in an agricultural soil with tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum L.) considering the different phenological stages of the crop. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with a completely randomized block design with two treatments: 1) without MS and 2) with application of 400 L·ha-1 of MS. For the determination of the bacterial structure, the biodiversity indexes of richness (S), diversity (H') and equity (J'), identification of operational taxonomic units (OTU) were used through the T-RFLP technique. Application of MS in soil showed no significant effect on bacterial richness. However, the application of MS does alter the structure of the bacterial community (H' and J') in each of the tomato phenological stages. Finally, future studies which include the evaluation of the effects of MS on the physiology of intensive crops and functions in the different soil types are need

Impact of a rapid systemic guide on pediatric patients with suspicion of epilepsy

Increase the percentage of etiological diagnosis of epilepsy (according to the classification by the 2010 ILAE) using a systematic quick guide for pediatric patients with suspected epilepsy. Methods: Ambispective cohort study. Patients under 16 years old with suspected epilepsy were studied, and a systematic quick guide was applied to the prospective group, and later the two groups were compared. It was a convenience sample, with a study period of one year for both groups. Results: The prospective group was 120 patients and the retrospective group 71 patients. Comparing the epileptic diagnosis by etiology groups, in the prospective group (only outpatient patients), 3.3% had epilepsy of an unknown cause, 55% had epilepsy of a genetic cause, 36.7% had epilepsy of a structural/metabolic cause, and 5% had conditions that are not epilepsy itself. Meanwhile in the retrospective group, 52.1% had epilepsy of an unknown cause, 11.3% had epilepsy of a genetic cause, and 36.6% had epilepsy of a structural/metabolic cause (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Compared to other similar studies, the etiological percentages of epilepsy increased. Using the systematic quick guide proposed, the percentage of etiological definitions of epilepsy was increased in pediatric patients

Sistema integral para la administración de módulos de riego (SIAM), en México

The irrigation modules in Mexico carry out the operation, conservation, administration and engineering in a traditional way; they require too much manpower, computer equipment, time and material resources. This process is expensive, time-consuming, inefficient, and produces mistake. The objective is to create a digital platform on the web that allows the programming, execution and monitoring in real time of the activities of the irrigation modules; as well as its capture in the field in electronic devices; that contributes to the governance and comprehensive sustainable use of water resources. The result was the digital platform called SIAM, written in the Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE) version 2019, .Net Framework platform. C# and Windows Forms libraries were used for the graphical interface, as well as Syncfusion Essential Studio controls for the advanced interfaces. The relational type databases were worked on in MySql for a fixed or online server. SIAM allows exporting ESRI shapefile files using MapWinGis and QGis 3.22 was used for the elaboration of final thematic maps. The SIAM was evaluated in the irrigation module 3 at D.R. 05 Delicias, Chihuahua and III-4 at D.R. 025 Bajo Río Bravo, Tamaulipas.Los módulos de riego de México realizan la operación, conservación, administración y la ingeniería de forma tradicional; requieren demasiado mano de obra, equipos de cómputo, tiempo y recursos materiales. Este proceso es caro, tardado, ineficiente y produce errores. El objetivo es crear una plataforma digital en la web que permita realizar la programación, ejecución y seguimento en tiempo real de las actividades de los módulos de riego; así como su captura en campo en dispositivos electrónicos; que contribuya a la gobernanza y uso integral sustentable del recurso hídrico. El resultado fue la plataforma digital denominada SIAM, escrita en el Entorno de Desarrollo Integrado (IDE) de Visual Studio versión 2019, plataforma .Net Framework.&nbsp; Se usó C# y librerías de Windows Forms para la interfaz graphical, así como controles Syncfusion Essential Studio para las interfaces avanzadas. Las bases de datos de tipo relacional se trabajaron en MySql para un servidor fijo o en línea. El SIAM permite exportar archivos de tipo ESRI shapefile usando MapWinGis y se utilizó QGis 3.22 para la elaboración de mapas temáticos finales. El SIAM se evaluó en los módulos de riego 3 del D.R. 05 Delicias, Chihuahua y III-4 del D.R. 025 Bajo Río Bravo, Tamaulipas

Índice de estrés hídrico (IEH) e índice de servicio del riego (ISR) en función de la huella hídrica de los cultivos en los módulos de riego en México

The total water stress to which crops are subjected, caused mainly by the impacts of climate change on water resources; It can be evaluated through quantitative indexes of percentages type. For this reason, the irrigation module III-4 of the Irrigation District 025 Bajo Río Bravo, Tamaulipas was defined as a case study, in which agricultural crops have suffered cyclical water scarcity; since the volumes of water required to achieve their productive potential are not applied to them. The objective is to create and propose the Water Stress Index (WSI) and the Irrigation Service Index (ISI) based on the water footprint of crops. The methodology consisted of establishing the Base Line (BL) for the scenery without water stress and then the Real Condition (RC) for the scenery with water stress of the crop pattern; for which the Evapotranspiration of the Crop (ETc), the Volumes of Water Applied (CWU) and the Water Footprint of the Crops (HH) of both scenery were determined; then the results obtained were normalized. The results obtained were four multidimensional mathematical expressions to calculate the WSI and the ISI.El estrés hídrico total al que se someten los cultivos, ocasionado principalmente por los impactos del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos; puede ser evaluado mediante índices cuantitativos de tipo porcentual. Por tal razón, se definió como estudio de caso el módulo de riego III-4 del Distrito de Riego 025 Bajo Río Bravo, Tamaulipas, en el cual los cultivos agrícolas han sufrido escasez de agua de forma cíclica; ya que no se les aplican los volúmenes de agua requeridos para lograr su potencial productivo. El objetivo es crear y proponer el Índice de Estrés Hídrico (IEH) y el Índice de Servicio del Riego (ISR) en función de la huella hídrica de los cultivos. La metodología consistió en establecer la Línea Base (LB) para el escenario sin estrés hídrico y luego la Condición Real (CR) para el escenario con estrés hídrico del patrón de cultivos; para lo cual se determino la Evapotranspiración del Cultivo (ETc), los Volúmenes de Agua Aplicados (CWU) y la Huella Hídrica de los Cultivos (HH) de ambos escenarios; luego se normalizaron los resultados obtenidos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron cuatro expresiones matemáticas multidimensionales para calcular el IEH y el ISR

Propiedades luminiscentes del ion Mn²⁺ en vidrios de Fosfato de Zinc

En el desarrollo de nuevos dispositivos optoelectrónicos, principalmente los relacionados con la tecnología de estado sólido (SSL) es de vital importancia la generación de materiales luminiscentes que generen una emisión de luz en el visible de alta intensidad y que además sean de bajo costo, es por ello que en este trabajo se presentan las propiedades luminiscentes de vidrios de fosfato de zinc impurificados con el ion manganeso ²⁺, el ion manganeso ofrece una serie de ventajas con respecto a las tierras raras como un costo más accesible y una emisión intensa en el color rojo que lo hacen un gran candidato para la generación de nuevos dispositivos optoelectrónicos. Se presenta en este trabajo la metodología para la síntesis, así como sus propiedades luminiscentes, para concentraciones de 2%, 13% y 15% atómico.In the development of new optoelectronic devices, mainly those related to solid state technology (SSL), the generation of luminescent materials with high intensity in visible and low cost is of vital importance. For this reason, this work presents the luminescent properties of zinc phosphate glasses doped with the manganese ion ²⁺, the manganese ion offers a series of advantages with respect to rare earths such as a more accessible cost and an intense emission in the red color that make it a great candidate for the generation of new optoelectronic devices. The methodology for the synthesis is presented in this work, as well as its luminescent properties, for concentrations of 2%, 13% and 15% atomic