Uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica para el análisis de la vulnerabilidad y selección de los barangays beneficiarios en la región de Bicol, Filipinas

Acción Contra el Hambre nos expone un caso práctico del uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica para discriminar las poblaciones más vulnerables, llevando a cabo un análisis provincial, municipal y local de cinco indicadores: acceso a agua potable, acceso a instalaciones de saneamiento, índice de malnutrición, existencia de riesgos ante los desastres naturales y pertenencia a la misma cuenca hidrográfica en tres provincias de Filipinas.Peer Reviewe

Processes of Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean (1950-2008)

The main characteristic of the Latin American migration on the 20th century was the change of flow. Until the 1950s, Latin America received migrants from Europe and the Middle East. As a result of economic change, political instability, and economic crisis, Latin America started exporting migrant workers. Now, Latin American migrants mainly go to the U.S., and in less extend to Europe (i.e. Spain, Italy, and Portugal), and in some cases to Japan as it is the case of Peru and Brazil. Several migrant patterns follow this process, which is characteristic to the massive emigration at the dawn of the 21st century.Latin America, immigration, emigration, United States, Europe

Processes of Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean (1950-2008)

The main characteristic of the Latin American migration on the 20th century was the change of flow. Until the 1950s, Latin America received migrants from Europe and the Middle East. As a result of economic change, political instability, and economic crisis, Latin America started exporting migrant workers. Now, Latin American migrants mainly go to the U.S., and in less extend to Europe (i.e. Spain, Italy, and Portugal), and in some cases to Japan as it is the case of Peru and Brazil. Several migrant patterns follow this process, which is characteristic to the massive emigration at the dawn of the 21st century.Latin America, immigration, emigration, United States, Europe

Interplay of Bacillus anthracis spore proteins in the assembly process of the exosporium

Spores are the infectious form of the zoonotic pathogen, Bacillus anthracis. The outermost layer of these spores is the exosporium. It consists of a basal layer (major structural proteins are ExsY, CotY, BxpB, and ExsFB) and an outermost nap layer containing, mainly, the BclA glycoprotein. The major structural proteins of the inner basal layer are CotY (at the bottlecap) and ExsY. Outer basal layer proteins, BxpB and ExsFB, are needed for BclA incorporation to the spore surface. We investigated the role of sequence differences between these proteins in localization during exosporium assembly. We found that the sequence differences between CotY and ExsY were less important for their localization than timing of expression of the respective genes. The timing of expression of the bxpB and exsFB genes, and the N-terminal sequences of their protein products, are important for proper assembly into the basal layer. Fluorescent fusion constructs with fluorophore at the C-terminus of CotY or ExsY resulted in good incorporation but the fusion hybrid proteins were not fully functional. BxpB and ExsFB assembly appears not to be completely abolished in mutants lacking ExsY and CotY, despite these spores lacking a visible exosporium. Bacterial two hybrid studies were used to examine interaction strength with full-length and truncated proteins. Interactions were not only observed between ExsY and CotY, but between these two basal layer structural proteins and CotE and CotO. These latter proteins are part of the polypeptide chain that anchors the exosporium to the spore coat during the exosporium assembly process. Using transmission electron and fluorescent microscopy, western blotting, and immunofluorescence we examined the impact of single, double, and triple mutants of basal layer proteins on spore morphology, protein content and distribution. BxpB and to a lesser extent ExsFB can self-assemble in vitro into higher molecular weight forms resistant to heat and reducing conditions. This self-assembly capacity is shared by other exosporium proteins, as others have demonstrated for ExsY and CotY. However, the mechanisms may be different with BxpB and ExsFB as disulfide bonds do not play a significant role in this process.Includes bibliographical references

Adelgazamiento del glaciar cubierto Horcones Inferior, derivado de mediciones geodésicas mediante el uso de estaciones semicontinuas GNSS, durante un período de cinco estaciones de verano (C° Aconcagua, Argentina)

We report on ice movements changes in the Horcones Inferior Glacier (HIG), a major debris-covered glacier located in the southern sector of Mt. Aconcagua, Central Andes of Argentina. The HIG has been characterized by outstanding surge phenomena in the recent past, with the last episode registered in 2003. After a surge episode, the surface becomes highly unstable, with continuous ice degradation. We studied the response of the glacier surface in the post-surge stagnation period, based on six semi-continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations distributed along the main axis of the glacier. Kinematic GNSS profiles were acquired over the surface, aiming to strengthen the GNSS measurements of elevation change. Our results show a horizontal surface displacement from 0.4 cmd-1 to 2.7 cmd-1, and a 0.8 cmd-1 mean elevation reduction during the 2009-2014 period. GNSS profiles also show a velocity increase, ranging from-1.1 cmd-1 in 2012 to-1.8 cmd-1 in 2013. Changing surface velocities in the HIG may be related to the presence of a thick debris cover, in combination with faster glacier degradation due to thickness loss after the 2003 surge, and glacier-climate interaction.En el presente estudio, se muestran los cambios de movimientos superficiales registrados por el Glaciar Horcones Inferior (GHI) el mayor glaciar cubierto localizado en el sector Sur del C° Aconcagua, Andes Centrales de Argentina. El GHI, se ha caracterizado por experimentar fenómenos de surges en el pasado reciente, cuyo último episodio registrado fue en el año 2003. Después de un episodio de surge, la superficie se comienza a suavizar mediante un continuo proceso de degradación del hielo. En este sentido, se ha estudiado la superficie del glaciar en el período de reposo postsurge, colocando seis estaciones semi continuas GNSS, distribuidas a lo largo del eje central del GHI. Además, perfiles cinemáticos GNSS fueron realizados sobre la superficie, con el objetivo de fortalecer y correlacionar las mediciones GNSS en el cambio de elevación. Los resultados muestran un desplazamiento horizontal de la superficie desde 0.4 cmd-1 a 2.7 cmd-1, y una disminución en el valor de la elevación media de 0.8 cmd-1, durante el período 2009- 2014. Los perfiles cinemáticos GNSS arrojaron un incremento en la velocidad de decrecimiento en elevación desde -1.1 cmd-1 en 2012, a -1.8 cmd-1 en 2013. Cambios en las velocidades superficiales del GHI pueden estar relacionados con la presencia del espesor de la cubierta de detritos, en combinación con la rápida degradación que sufrió el glaciar después del surge de 2003 y también con la interacción del glaciar con el clima.Fil: Lenzano, Luis Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Lenzano, Luis Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Baron, Jorge Horacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Lannutti, Esteban Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Durand, Jorge Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Trombotto, Dario Tomas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; Argentin

Emigration from Two Labor Frontier Nations : A Comparison of Moroccans in Spain and Mexicans in the United States

Mexico and Morocco share many common characteristics as labor migrant pools for industrialized countries to the North. However, comparisons between migrants from each country are few, particularly with respect to economic outcomes using nationally representative data. Using recent immigrant surveys from Spain and the United States, this paper presents the first quantitative analysis to compare Moroccans and Mexicans, testing for the effects of human and social capital on employment, occupational attainment, and wages. Although the lower employment levels of Moroccans compared to Mexicans would seem to suggest greater labor market discrimination against Moroccans in Spain, closer inspection of the returns to various forms of capital and other inputs yields a more mixed picture. Both methodological and social explanations for these mixed findings are discussed.México y Marruecos comparten muchas características comunes, como la de ser países que exportan mano de obra a los vecinos países industrializados del norte. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos entre los flujos migratorios de ambos son pocos, y menos aún lo son aquellos que utilizan a escala nacional datos representativos sobre resultados económicos. A través de la utilización de estudios recientes de España y EEUU, este artículo presenta el primer análisis cuantitativo que compara marroquíes y mexicanos, con el fin de indagar los efectos del capital social y humano en el empleo, en el logro profesional y los salarios. Aunque la ocupación en los puestos de trabajo menos cualificados de los marroquíes en España, en comparación con los mexicanos en EEUU, podría parecer sugerir una mayor discriminación en el mercado laboral de los primeros, al inspeccionar el retorno de varias formas de capital y otros inputs, se infiere una explicación algo más compleja. Tanto la explicación metodológica como la social, serán ampliamente discutidas aquí

Processes of Migration in Latin America and the Caribbean (1950-2008)

The main characteristic of the Latin American migration on the 20th century was the change of flow. Until the 1950s, Latin America received migrants from Europe and the Middle East. As a result of economic change, political instability, and economic crisis, Latin America started exporting migrant workers. Now, Latin American migrants mainly go to the U.S., and in less extend to Europe (i.e. Spain, Italy, and Portugal), and in some cases to Japan as it is the case of Peru and Brazil. Several migrant patterns follow this process, which is characteristic to the massive emigration at the dawn of the 21st century

Incidence of viral respiratory infections in a prospective cohort of outpatient and hospitalized children aged ≤5 years and its associated cost in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Background: Although information about the incidence of viral respiratory illnesses and their associated cost can help health officials explore the value of interventions, data are limited from middle-income countries. Methods: During 2008-2010, we conducted a prospective cohort study and followed ~1,800 Argentinian children aged ≤5years to identify those children who were hospitalized or who sought care at an emergency room with any acute respiratory infection sign or symptom (e.g., rhinorrhea, cough, wheezing, tachypnea, retractions, or cyanosis). Respiratory samples were obtained for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, and metapneumovirus testing by immunofluorescence and for rhinovirus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (24/1000 children-years), human metapneumovirus (8/1000 children-years), and influenza (8/1000 children-years) illnesses was highest among hospitalized children aged <6months and decreased among older children. In contrast, the incidence of rhinovirus was highest (12/1000 children-years) among those aged 6-23 months. In the emergency room, the incidence of rhinovirus was 459; respiratory syncytial virus 352; influenza 185; parainfluenza 177; metapneumovirus 130; and adenovirus 73/1,000 children-years. The total cost of hospitalization was a median of US$529 (Interquartile range, US$362-789). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that respiratory viruses, in particular rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, and influenza may be associated with severe illness causing substantial economic burden.Fil: Marcone, Débora Natalia. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigación Clínica ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Durand, Lizette O.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Azziz Baumgartner, Eduardo. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Estados UnidosFil: Vidaurreta, Santiago Manuel. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigación Clínica ; ArgentinaFil: Ekstrom, Jorge. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigación Clínica ; ArgentinaFil: Carballal, Guadalupe. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigación Clínica ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Echavarría, Marcela Silvia. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigación Clínica ; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin