Autochthonous Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in Corrientes Province, Argentina

Endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in northern Argentina has traditionally been caused by Leishmania braziliensis. This study aims to describe an outbreak of Leishmania infantum-caused human CL in the Department Capital of Corrientes Province, Argentina. We retrospectively analyzed the reported cases of CL in this area from May 2015 to December 2016. Eighty cases of CL were clinically and analytically diagnosed, and there was one case of visceral leishmaniasis in a boy who also had CL. Patients' median age was 33.6 years (range 1-89 years), and 18.5% were younger than 15 years; the male:female ratio was 3.5:1. Cases lived mostly in the municipality of Corrientes (72.8%), whereas 27.2% resided in Riachuelo. Although 67.9% had a single lesion, 32.1% had several. Molecular analyses showed that L. infantum was the causative species in all cases. Our results show that for the first time, there was an outbreak of CL by L. infantum in an urban area of Argentina

Primera caracterización molecular de Leishmania infantum en pacientes con leishmaniosis visceral de la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina

Introducción. La leishmaniosis cutánea por Leishmania braziliensis ha sidotradicionalmente endémica en Argentina y se han sido descritos casos de compromiso visceral después de una leishmaniosis cutánea inicial. La leishmaniosis visceral emergió en Argentina en el año 2006 en la ciudad de Posadas, provincia de Misiones, afectando tanto a humanos como a perros. Objetivo. Identificar el agente etiológico a nivel de especie de los pacientes diagnosticados con leishmaniosis visceral en Misiones y describir sus características clínico-epidemiológicas.Materiales y métodos. Se estudió una serie de 24 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de leishmaniosis visceral en la provincia de Misiones en el período 2009 al 2016. Para la identificación de Leishmania spp., los pacientes fueron sometidos a estudios diagnósticos indirectos (serológicos) y directos (microscopía, detección de ADN y secuenciación). También, se estudiaron variables como edad, sexo, lugar de residencia, y signos y síntomas clínicos indicativos de leishmaniosis visceral. Resultados. De los 24 pacientes estudiados, 18 (75 %) eran hombres y 6 (25 %) eran menores de cuatro años. La manifestación clínica más frecuente fue el síndrome febril prolongado en 21 (87,5 %) de los pacientes, seguido de esplenomegalia en 17 (70,8 %). Se identificó la especie Leishmania infantum en todos los pacientes estudiados. Conclusión. Este hallazgo constituye la primera identificación de la especie L. infantum en pacientes autóctonos de la provincia de Misiones. El estudio evidenció la importancia de la PCR para el manejo epidemiológico de la leishmaniosis visceral en Argentina

LEPRA EN LOS TERRITORIES FRONTERIZOS DE SUDAMÉRICA: ESTUDIO ECOLÓGICO

Objetivo: caracterizar el perfil clínico epidemiológico y la distribución espacial de la incidenciade la lepra en los territorios fronterizos de Sudamérica.Metodología: se trata de un estudio ecológico. El estudio incluyó la Provincia de Misiones enArgentina y la Región Sur de Brasil. La población estaba compuesta por 10.319 nuevos casosde lepra diagnosticados entre 2010 y 2016.Resultados: el estado de Paraná fue el más endémico, representando el 70,2% (n=7.247)de los casos. Predominaron la clasificación operacional multibacilar (79,8%, n=8.233) y elGrado 0 de discapacidad física (50,6%, n=5.223). En Misiones, el 18,9% utilizó un régimende tratamiento de sustitución. En el periodo se observó una situación hiperendémica en 780(65,5%) de las ciudades/departamentos estudiados.Conclusión: El estudio mostró que las regiones estudiadas tienen alta endemicidad,transmisión activa y diagnóstico tardío de la lepra. Estas tendencias entrelazadas en cuanto ala fuerza de la morbilidad y la transmisión reciente y persistente de la enfermedad aumentanla importancia de la lepra como un problema de salud pública en la región.Objective: to characterize the epidemiological clinical profile and spatial distribution of theincidence of leprosy in border territories of South America.Method: this is an ecological study. The study included the Province of Misiones in Argentinaand the Southern Region of Brazil. The population consisted of 10,319 new leprosy casesdiagnosed between 2010 and 2016.Results: the state of Paraná was the most endemic, representing 70.2% (n=7.247) of thecases. There was a predominance of multibacillary operational classification (79.8%, n=8,233)and Grade 0 of physical disability (50.6%, n=5,223). In Misiones, 18.9% used a substitutiontreatment regimen. In the period, a hyperendemic situation was observed in 780 (65.5%) ofthe studied cities/departments.Conclusion: the study revealed that the regions studied have high endemicity, activetransmission and late diagnosis of leprosy. These intertwined trends in the strength ofmorbidity and recent and persistent transmission of the disease increase the relevance ofleprosy as a public health problem in the region.Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil clínico epidemiológico e a distribuição espacial da incidência dahanseníase em territórios fronteiriços da América do Sul.Método: trata-se de um estudo ecológico. O estudo compreendeu a Província de Misiones naArgentina e a Região Sul do Brasil. A população foi composta por 10.319 casos novos de hanseníase,diagnosticados entre 2010 e 2016.Resultados: o estado do Paraná foi o mais endêmico, representando 70,2% (n=7,247) doscasos. Houve predomínio da classificação operacional multibacilar (79,8%, n=8.233) e Grau 0de incapacidade física (50,6%, n=5.223). Em Misiones 18,9% utilizaram esquema de tratamentosubstitutivo. No período, notou-se uma situação hiperendêmica em 780 (65,5%) dos municípios/departamentos estudados.Conclusão: o estudo mostrou que as regiões estudadas apresentam alta endemicidade, transmissãoativa e diagnóstico tardio da hanseníase. Essas tendências entrelaçadas à força de morbidade e detransmissão recente e persistente da doença, ampliam a relevância da hanseníase como problemade saúde pública na região

A canine leishmaniasis pilot survey in an emerging focus of visceral leishmaniasis: Posadas (Misiones, Argentina)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An increasing number of reports are calling our attention to the worldwide spread of leishmaniasis. The urbanization of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been observed in different South American countries, due to changes in demographic and ecological factors. In May 2006, VL was detected for the first time in the city of Posadas (Misiones, Argentina). This event encouraged us to conduct a clinical and parasitological pilot survey on domestic dogs from Posadas to identify their potential role as reservoirs for the disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One hundred and ten dogs from the city of Posadas were included in the study. They were selected based on convenience and availability. All dogs underwent clinical examination. Symptomatology related to canine leishmaniasis was recorded, and peripheral blood and lymph node aspirates were collected. Anti-<it>Leishmania </it>antibodies were detected using rK39-immunocromatographic tests and IFAT. Parasite detection was based on peripheral blood and lymph node aspirate PCR targeting the <it>SSUrRNA </it>gene. Molecular typing was addressed by DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products obtained by <it>SSUrRNA </it>and ITS-1 PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to clinical examination, 69.1% (76/110) of the dogs presented symptoms compatible with canine leishmaniasis. Serological analyses were positive for 43.6% (48/110) of the dogs and parasite DNA was detected in 47.3% (52/110). A total of 63 dogs (57.3%) were positive by serology and/or PCR. Molecular typing identified <it>Leishmania infantum </it>(syn. <it>Leishmania chagasi</it>) as the causative agent.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This work confirms recent findings which revealed the presence of <it>Lutzomyia longipalpis</it>, the vector of <it>L. infantum </it>in this area of South America. This new VL focus could be well established, and further work is needed to ascertain its magnitude and to prevent further human VL cases.</p

A Novel Sampling Model to Study the Epidemiology of Canine Leishmaniasis in an Urban Environment.

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. The domestic dog is the main reservoir of zoonotic VL and a high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is associated with transmission of infection to humans. Here we describe the methodology used to obtain a rapid and representative sample of domestic dogs in the city of Posadas, Misiones, and compare the prevalence of Leishmania infection with a sample of shelter dogs. Methodology: We used the city land registry to make a random selection of homes and systematically recruited 349 domestic dogs from the selected properties. We also included all dogs from the main canine shelter within the city. Dogs were examined by two experienced veterinarians who recorded the presence of clinical signs common in CanL using a standardized protocol. We extracted a blood sample from each dog and performed four different serological tests to reveal the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Results: After clinical examination, 145 domestic dogs (41.5%) and 63 (90%) shelter dogs had clinical signs compatible with CanL (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence among domestic dogs was 20.1% (95% CI 16.1-24.6) which was significantly lower than among the abandoned dogs (38.6%, 95% CI 27.7-50.6, p < 0.001). The spatial distribution of infected dogs was fairly homogenous throughout the city. Among domestic dogs, we observed a positive association between where the dog slept and presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies (p = 0.034). Of the seropositive domestic dogs 38 (54.4%) were asymptomatic. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate how seroprevalence results can be highly influenced by sampling methodology. We demonstrate how the land registry can be used to estimate the prevalence of CanL in representative sample of domestic dogs in an urban setting, allowing decision makers to deepen their understanding the epidemiology of CanL in a timely and efficient manner for the development of plans to address both human and canine disease.This work was supported by: Dirección General de Cooperación al Desarrollo, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain (Ref. 3014/2008) and European Commission 6th Framework Programme INCO-CT-2005-015407 [Control strategies for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in South America: Applications of molecular epidemiology/LeishEpiNetSA].S

Estudio prospectivo de enteropatógenos en dos comunidades de Misiones, Argentina

Children under five years of age, from two communities of different socio-economic strata (97 from Zaiman and 55 from Las Dolores) were examined epidemiologically during 2 years, by means of quarterly visits of the working team, who carried out the collection of faecal samples. During the study, one or more enteropathogens were identified in 73.9% of samples in children from Zaiman and in 58.3% of the samples from Las Dolores, being associated to diarrhoea in 70.5% and to asymptomatic infections in 65.7%. The number of diarrheic episodes was higher in Zaiman (15.45%) than in Las Dolores (12.35%), being more frequent in the spring-summer seasons. In Zaiman, the bacterial enteropathogen proportion was relevantly higher (p< 0.005) in children with diarrhoea, whereas the presence of parasites was more frequent in asymptomatic children (p< 0.01). Rotavirus had an even distribution within diarrheic and asymptomatic children. In Las Dolores, no relevant differences were found in the detection of enteroparasites between diarrheic and asymptomatic children. Mixed infections were detected; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-rotavirus and ETEC-parasites being the most frequent ones. ETEC was involved in 85% of these infections. These data, together with the high enteropathogen carriage, suggest an elevated level of environmental contamination. The latter plays an important role in diarrheic diseases, and added to the most extreme poverty, it affects children's lives.Niños menores de cinco años de edad de dos comunidades de diferente condición socio-económica (97 del Barrio Zaimán y 55 del Barrio Las Dolores), fueron vigilados epidemiologicamente durante 2 años, mediante visitas trimestrales del equipo de trabajo, el que realizó la toma de muestras fecales. Durante el estudio, se identificaron uno o más enteropatógenos en el 73,9% de las muestras de niños del Barrio Zaimán y en el 58,3% de Las Dolores, estando asociados a diarrea en un 70,5% y en infecciones asintomáticas en un 65,7%. El número de episodios de diarrea fue superior en Zaimán (15,5%) que en Las Dolores (12,4%), presentándose con mayor frecuencia en los meses de primavera-verano. En el Barrio Zaimán la proporción de enteropatógenos bacterianos fue significativamente mayor (p < 0.005) en los niños con diarrea, mientras que los parásitos se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en niños asintomáticos (p < 0.01). Rotavirus tuvo una distribución comparable en niños con diarrea y asintomáticos. En el Barrio Las Dolores, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la deteccion de enteroparásitos entre asintomáticos y niños con diarrea. Se detectaron infecciones mixtas, siendo ECET-rotavirus y ECET-parásitos, las mas frecuentes. ECET estuvo involucrado en el 85%; de las mismas. Estos datos y la elevada portación de enteropatógenos, sugieren un alto nivel de contaminación ambiental, la cual juega un rol importante en la enfermedad diarreica, que sumada a la pobreza más extrema, afecta la vida de los niño

Trends of syphilis in Posadas city (Misiones State, Argentina), 1997-2000 Incidência de sífilis na cidade de Posadas (estado de Misiones, Argentina), 1997-2000

Objectives: Misiones State is situated in the north-east of Argentina. The main objective was to establish the evolution of syphilis in Posadas city (300.000 inhabitants) from 1997 to 2000. Methods: Outpatients were studied at the STD clinics during 1997. Records of all pregnant women with babies due to the months of April to June, from 1997 to 2000 (n = 4700), were studied. Syphilis was confirmed by clinic, epidemiological and laboratory tests (VDRL and FTA-ABS). Results: Higher incidence of primary syphilis in outpatients was established among 15-19 year-old women and in 20-24 year-old men. The percentages of pregnant women with syphilis were 2.1% (1997), 2.6% (1998), 4.6% (1999) and 3.7% (2000). The most vulnerable age group was 15 to 19 year-old. Geographical distribution of cases changed from four clusters in 1997 to a wide occurrence in all city quarters with lower socioeconomic level (30% of population). Conclusion: Posadas city had an increase in cases of syphilis in pregnant women from 1997 to 1999. This evolution indicates that traditional STD-Aids programs have had no effect on safe sex practices, specially among adolescents. Home by home visits aimed at improving prenatal control as a priority, started in 1999. The incidence of the disease became stable in 2000, but still at a high rate. It is necessary to continue and improve the outreach activities. A cooperative program in these big "twin" cities: Encarnación (Paraguay) and Posadas (Argentina) - will be also of great help for syphilis control in the area.<br>Objetivos: O estado de Misiones está situado no noroeste argentino, nas fronteiras oeste e norte com o Brasil e a leste do Paraguai. Este foi o interesse para estabelecer a evolução da sífilis na cidade de Posadas (300.000 habitantes), capital do estado de Misiones, desde 1997 até 2000. Métodos: A sífilis foi analisada por meio da avaliação epidemiológica, clínica e confirmação laboratorial (VDRL e FTA- ABS). Todas as mulheres grávidas no momento da evolução foram consultadas no hospital Madariaga, durante o período de abril a junho, de 1997 até 2000 (n = 4700), as quais foram incluídas nas análises. Resultados: A freqüência da sífilis em mulheres grávidas atendidas em hospital público foi de 2,1% (1997), 2,6% (1998), 4,6% (1999) e 3,7% (2000). A faixa etária de maior vulnerabilidade foi de 15 a 19 anos. A distribuição geográfica de casos originados de quatro grupos isolados em 1997 expandiu-se para uma grande ocorrência em todas as regiões de baixo nível de vida socioeconômico (30% do total da população). A sífilis congênita chegou a uma média de 10,8 casos por 1.000 crianças nascidas vivas nos últimos anos. Conclusão: A cidade de Posadas teve um aumento de sífilis em mulheres grávidas de 1997 até 1999. Esta situação endêmica indica que o programa convencional STD-Aids teve um efeito mínimo ou nulo sobre a prática do sexo, principalmente em grupos de adolescentes. Um programa de intervenção do alvo geográfico (visita casa por casa) direcionado para prover controle pré-natal como prioridade teve início em 1999. Uma estabilização da sífilis em mulheres grávidas foi demonstrada em 2000, mas a incidência é ainda demasiadamente alta. Torna-se necessária a discussão de um programa de extensão regional que inclua a população binacional das grandes áreas povoadas

Enfrentamento da COVID-19 em região de fronteira internacional: saúde e economia

Objetivo: analisar como o isolamento social e o fechamento das fronteiras repercutem na saúde e na economia em região de fronteira internacional. Método: estudo descritivo-transversal realizado no Oeste do Paraná, Brasil, por meio do questionário eletrônico Formulários Google®. Foi estudada uma amostra de 2.510 pessoas. Utilizou-se a análise estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5%. Pesquisa de opinião pública, com participantes não identificados, que atende às Resoluções 466/2012 e 510/2016. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 41,5 anos, a maioria é do sexo feminino e composta por trabalhadores do setor de educação; 41,9% indicam que o fechamento das fronteiras/comércio influenciou negativamente a renda e, para 17,7%, existe a possibilidade de desemprego. Para 89,0%, o número de pessoas adoecidas seria maior caso as fronteiras/comércio não tivessem sido fechadas; 63,7% indicam que os serviços de saúde não estão preparados para enfrentar a pandemia; 74,9% percebem que o Sistema Único de Saúde pode não ter capacidade de atendimento; 63,4% sinalizam ansiedade e 75,6% dos trabalhadores do comércio terão alterações na renda. Conclusão: o fechamento das fronteiras internacionais e do comércio relacionou-se à percepção de alterações físicas e mentais, perda de emprego e de renda.Objetivo: analizar cómo el aislamiento social y el cierre de las fronteras afectan la salud y la economía en una región fronteriza internacional. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal desarrollado en el occidente de Paraná, Brasil, utilizando el cuestionario electrónico Formularios Google®. Se estudió una muestra de 2.510 personas. Se utilizó análisis estadístico descriptivo, prueba de chi-cuadrado con nivel de significancia del 5%. Encuesta de opinión pública, con participantes no identificados, que cumple con las Resoluciones 466/2012 y 510/2016. Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 41,5 años, mayoritariamente mujeres y trabajadores del sector educativo; el 41,9% indicó que el cierre de las fronteras/comercio afectó negativamente los ingresos y que, para el 17,7%, existe la posibilidad de desempleo. Para 89,0%, el número de personas enfermas habría sido mayor si las fronteras/comercio no se hubieran cerrado; 63,7% indica que los servicios de salud no están preparados para enfrentar la pandemia; 74,9% percibe que el Sistema Único de Salud puede no ser capaz de brindar atención; 63,4% informó ansiedad; y 75,6% de los trabajadores del comercio tendrán cambios en los ingresos. Conclusión: el cierre de las fronteras internacionales y el comercio se relacionó con la percepción de cambios físicos y mentales, pérdida de empleo e ingresos.Objective: to analyze how the social isolation measures and closed borders affected the health and economy in an international border region. Method: descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the western region of Paraná, Brazil, using an electronic form created using Google® forms. A sample of 2,510 people was addressed. Descriptive analysis and the Chi-square test were performed, with a level of significance established at 5%. This public opinion survey, addressing unidentified participants, is in accordance with Resolutions 466/2012 and 510/2016. Results: the participants were 41.5 years old on average, most were women and worked in the education sector; 41.9% reported that the closing of borders/commercial businesses negatively influenced income; 17.7% reported the possibility of losing their jobs; 89.0% consider that a larger number of people would be sick if the borders/commercial had not been closed; 63.7% believe the health services are not prepared to deal with the pandemic; 74.9% realize that the Brazilian Unified Health System may not have sufficient service capacity; 63.4% reported anxiety; and 75.6% of commercial workers will experience changes in their income level. Conclusion: the closing of international borders and commercial businesses was related to a perception of physical and mental changes, job loss, and decreased income