O vortex de programas online na formação de professores na Colômbia

The replacement of direct human interaction by the computer connected to the internet is one of the most radical reforms in the history of education. In the first part, we show chronologically how–unlike correspondence, radio and television–the internet is the only technology that has sought to replace human interaction in teacher education training in Colombia. By consulting databases, we describe the institutionalization of online programs in terms of a maelstrom with problems and tensions that occur while growing exponentially to represent 18.3% and 33.8% of the offer in higher education and educational sciences in Colombia. In a second part, we compared the experience of 1,206 teachers who study postgraduate teacher training programs in Bogotá in both online and face-to-face modes through a student survey and a writing test. The results indicate lower weighted performances in the theoretical content and work volume among those who study their programs in the online modality, as well as a lower but statistically non-significant mean in teachers enrolled in online programs. The history and problems encountered in the importation of curricular models entirely based on the internet warrants being studied empirically in the teacher training programs to determine their educational effects.El reemplazo de la interacción humana directa por el computador conectado al internet constituye una de las reformas más radicales en la historia de la universidad. En una primera parte, mostramos cronológicamente cómo–a diferencia de la correspondencia, la radio, y la televisión–el internet ha sido la única tecnología que ha pretendido reemplazar la interacción humana en la formación educación docente en Colombia. Mediante consulta de bases de datos describimos la institucionalización de programas virtuales en términos de una vorágine con problemas y tensiones que ocurren mientras crecen exponencialmente para representar 18,3% y 33,8% de la oferta en educación superior y en ciencias de la educación en Colombia. En una segunda parte, comparamos la experiencia de 1.206 profesores que estudian programas de formación posgradual docente en Bogotá tanto en modalidad online y presencial mediante una encuesta estudiantil y una prueba de escritura. Los resultados indican desempeños ponderados más bajos en el contenido teórico y volumen de trabajo y un puntaje promedio más bajo, pero no estadísticamente significativo de habilidades de escritura académica en los profesores que cursan sus programas en modalidad online. La historia y los problemas encontrados en la importación de modelos curriculares enteramente basados en internet merece estudiarse empíricamente en los programas de formación docente para determinar sus efectos educativos.A substituição da interação humana direta pelo computador conectado à Internet é uma das reformas mais radicais da história da universidade. Na primeira parte, cronologicamente vamos mostrar como – ao contrário de correspondência, rádio e televisão – a internet tem sido a única tecnologia que tentou substituir a interação humana na formação de professores na Colômbia. Ao consultar bancos de dados descrever a institucionalização de programas virtuais em termos de um turbilhão de problemas e tensões que ocorrem à medida que crescem exponencialmente a representar 18,3% e 33,8% da oferta na educação educação e ciência superior na Colômbia. Numa segunda parte, comparamos a experiência de 1.206 professores que estudam o ensino programas de treinamento de pós-graduação em Bogotá tanto online como modalidade através de uma pesquisa de estudante e um teste escrito. Os resultados indicam menor desempenho ponderada no conteúdo teórico e carga de trabalho e uma pontuação média mais baixa, mas acadêmicos não estatisticamente significativas habilidades de escrita em professores que freqüentam seus programas no modo online. A história e os problemas encontrados na importação de modelos curriculares inteiramente baseados na Internet merecem ser estudados empiricamente nos programas de formação de professores para determinar seus efeitos educacionais

“Get Two Degrees for the Price of One”:Career Orientations and Choices of Double-Degree Students

23 páginasDouble degrees have been identified in universities around the globe. The Colombian double degree is a local hybrid of the American double major and the local profession-enabling pregrado that universities, particularly elite private ones, marketize in a context of mass higher education, devaluation of first university degrees and a weak economy ensuing from social conflict. Through a narrative approach, we found that students learn to pursue two degrees to maximize their investment in education, seek future job security, reduce their angst about survival given the low value of university credentials, and gain recognition from peers and family members. Choosing two degrees also maximizes their opportunities for preparing themselves to serve others, allows them to pursue intellectual development, and to satisfy their curiosity. The main trend found is that of students led by a consumerist orientation privileged over an educational rationale. We argue that the superimposition of consumerist orientations over self-cultivation motives may occur in the context of implementation of new programs such as double degrees, implemented by universities under a market logic

Researchers' training in the context of the academic reform in the Universidad Católica de Colombia

El aporte de este trabajo es exponer el proceso de reforma académica que ha llevado a cabo la Universidad Católica de Colombia desde hace más de tres años. Como parte de este proceso, se muestra cómo se requiere abordar la formación de investigadores –tanto de profesores como de estudiantes- para garantizar al máximo la actualización de los programas curriculares y su posicionamiento académico en el ámbito nacional como internacionalOur contribution is to put forward the process of the academic reform that Universidad Católica de Colombia has carried out for more than three years. As part of this process, it is shown how necessary it is to deal with the issue of researchers' training –for both teachers and students– in order to grant the update of the curricular programs and their national and international academic position to the maximum effec

Optimización de Isotermas de adsorción mediante Simulated Annealing

The present work studies the adjustment of the experimental data of the adsorption isotherms in a system of hexavalent chromium as adsorbate and activated carbon as adsorbent. The adsorption tests consisted of using 0.1 gram of adsorbent with solutions of different concentrations of hexavalent chromium for 48 h at different temperatures. For the modeling, a method different from the traditional one was proposed, where the adsorption activation energy is optimized to generate the equilibrium constants that minimize the mean square error with respect to the experimental data. For this, Simulated Annealing was used as the optimization algorithm. An initial temperature of 1,000, 10,000 iterations, and a step size of 0.05 were the parameters used. Both methods present adequate adjustments, showing activation energies of the same order. This would indicate that the optimization algorithm would be comparable to traditional procedures.El presente trabajo estudia el ajuste de los datos experimentales de las isotermas de adsorción en un sistema de cromo hexavalente como adsorbato y carbón activado como adsorbente. Los ensayos de adsorción consistieron en poner en contacto 0,1 gramo de adsorbente con soluciones de diferente concentración de cromo hexavalente durante 48 h a distintas temperaturas. Para el modelado se propuso un método distinto al tradicional, mediante el cual se optimiza la energía de activación de la adsorción de manera que se generen las contantes de equilibrio que minimicen el error cuadrático medio respecto a los datos experimentales. Para ello, se empleó Simulated Annealing como algoritmo de optimización. Una temperatura inicial de 1000, 10000 iteraciones y un tamaño de paso de 0,05 fueron los parámetros utilizados. Ambos métodos presentan ajustes adecuados, mostrando energías de activación del mismo orden. Esto indicaría que el algoritmo de optimización sería comparable a los procedimientos tradicionales.    The present work studies the adjustment of the experimental data of the adsorption isotherms in a system of hexavalent chromium as adsorbate and activated carbon as adsorbent. The adsorption tests consisted of using 0.1 gram of adsorbent with solutions of different concentrations of hexavalent chromium for 48 h at different temperatures. For the modeling, a method different from the traditional one was proposed, where the adsorption activation energy is optimized to generate the equilibrium constants that minimize the mean square error with respect to the experimental data. For this, Simulated Annealing was used as the optimization algorithm. An initial temperature of 1,000, 10,000 iterations, and a step size of 0.05 were the parameters used. Both methods present adequate adjustments, showing activation energies of the same order. This would indicate that the optimization algorithm would be comparable to traditional procedures

Optimización de Isotermas de adsorción mediante Simulated Annealing

El presente trabajo estudia el ajuste de los datos experimentales de las isotermas de adsorción en un sistema de cromo hexavalente como adsorbato y carbón activado como adsorbente. Los ensayos de adsorción consistieron en poner en contacto 0,1 gramo de adsorbente con soluciones de diferente concentración de cromo hexavalente durante 48 h a distintas temperaturas. Para el modelado se propuso un método distinto al tradicional, mediante el cual se optimiza la energía de activación de la adsorción de manera que se generen las contantes de equilibrio que minimicen el error cuadrático medio respecto a los datos experimentales. Para ello, se empleó Simulated Annealing como algoritmo de optimización. Una temperatura inicial de 1000, 10000 iteraciones y un tamaño de paso de 0,05 fueron los parámetros utilizados. Ambos métodos presentan ajustes adecuados, mostrando energías de activación del mismo orden. Esto indicaría que el algoritmo de optimización sería comparable a los procedimientos tradicionales

PROCESS BASED MODELING OF SURFACE ENERGY FLUXES, EVAPOTRANSPIRATION, SOIL MOISTURE, AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN THE US SOUTHERN PLAINS

This study aims to evaluate the capability and transferability of a physically-based hydrologic model to understand the trade-offs between precipitation, soil moisture and surface energy fluxes at sites with different vegetation types in the U.S. Southern Plains. One of the benefits of training a process-based model is the capacity to use it as a complement to standard weather stations for predicting energy fluxes, soil temperature and moisture estimations. Modeling of the terrestrial surface soil moisture and temperature, and boundary layer energy fluxes is key for understanding the spatio-temporal variability of hydro-meteorological conditions that drive normal and extreme (i.e. floods and droughts) events. Soil moisture (SM), surface energy fluxes (SEF) and soil temperatures (ST) play an important role in the ground and near surface hydro-energetic dynamics, especially in water exchange processes such as the evapotranspiration (ET). ET is an important variable for understanding the energy, water and biogeochemical budgets. This study uses the Triangulated Irregular Network TIN-based Real Time Integrated Basin Simulator (tRIBS), a continuous physically-based distributed hydrological model, to provide estimations of the surface energy balance (SEB) components in typical environments of the U.S. Southern Plains. Both calibration and validation of the model are performed using available Eddy Covariance Tower (ECT) observations distributed on crops and grasslands in Oklahoma. The model calibration is based on a hybrid strategy that uses a manual procedure followed by an optimization algorithm based on the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) theory. All data used to parametrize the model is free-access. Satellite data is needed to represent dynamic vegetation conditions of albedo, leaf area index, vegetation throughfall coefficient, stomatal resistance and vegetation fraction. Model calibration is conducted during one hydrologic year at two stations with differing vegetation cover. Model validation is conducted at the same ECTs during a different year than the calibration. Transferability of the model parameterization is tested at other ECT with similar vegetation conditions in the Southern Plains. The model calibration and validation results showed the strong capabilities of tRIBS to predict the energy fluxes (Nash>0.5) and the soil temperature profile (Nash>0.7). In addition, the model predicts the soil water content well, but snow occurrences affected the model’s performance. Furthermore, tRIBS captures the seasonal and diurnal cycles of the energy partitioning with the use of remotely-sensed dynamic vegetation from MODIS and standard weather observations. Vegetation changes play a crucial role in the simulations accuracy. The onset of vegetation greening impacts the contribution of the different components of ET with increased contribution of plant transpiration (T) over soil evaporation (E). Finally, the model has potential to be transferable and of use as a forecasting tool in similar environments in the Southern Plains without parameter calibration. However, the quality of the weather forcing and satellite data will influence the accuracy of the results

Calidad de sentencias de primera y segunda instancia sobre delito de homicidio culposo, expediente N° 11752-2010-0-1801-JR-PE-55, del distrito judicial de Lima

La investigación tuvo como objetivo general determinar la calidad de sentencias de primera y segunda instancia sobre homicidio culposo, en el expediente N° 11752- 2010-0-1801-JR-PE-55, del Distrito Judicial de Lima. La misma es de tipo cuantitativo cualitativo, de nivel exploratorio, descriptivo y diseño no experimental, retrospectivo y transversal. La unidad de muestra fue un expediente judicial, seleccionado mediante muestreo por conveniencia, para recolectar los datos se utilizó las técnicas de observación y el análisis del contenido, y como instrumento una lista de cotejo, validado mediante juicio de expertos. Los resultados revelaron que la calidad de la parte expositiva, considerativa y resolutiva pertenecientes a la sentencia de primera instancia fue de rango: Alta, muy alta y muy alta, respectivamente. Y de la sentencia de segunda instancia fue de rango: Baja, muy alta y muy alta, respectivamente. En conclusión la calidad de las sentencias de primera y segunda instancia, fueron de rango: Muy alta y muy alta.Tesi

Rumo à universidade corporativa? Reformas baseadas no mercado e isomorfismo Institucional na Colômbia

In this article, we analyze the new discourses on the university around two Colombian governmental programs: the student loan program Ser Pilo Paga and university rankings Mide. Although these programs can be labeled as market-based or neoliberal reforms, they have not been analyzed from a sociological perspective that discusses its relationship with changes in the idea itself of the university. We analyze the rhetoric surrounding its design and implementation through the content analysis of press articles and documents from governments and international organizations. From a neo-institutional perspective of world society theory, we find that loans have been mainly promoted by the World Bank, while rankings are directly copied from a global culture. There is also a rhetoric using the terms best, quality, excellence and technology that correspond with the global model of the entrepreneurial university. This idea contrasts, though, with terms such as equity, access, fairness and inclusion, in turn related to a discourse about social engagement that partially corresponds to the local idea of the Latin-American university. These tensions between university models where policy instruments are entangled should be further studied in other countries. En este artículo analizamos los discursos sobre la universidad alrededor de dos recientes programas gubernamentales colombianos: los créditos educativos Ser Pilo Paga y los rankings universitarios Mide. Si bien estos programas pueden caracterizarse como reformas basadas en el mercado o neoliberales, no han recibido un análisis sociológico que discuta su relación con cambios en la idea misma de universidad. Analizamos la retórica que rodeó su diseño y puesta en práctica mediante un análisis de contenido de artículos de prensa, documentos gubernamentales y de organismos internacionales. Apoyados en la mirada neo-institucionalista de la teoría de la sociedad mundial, encontramos que los créditos han sido impulsados fundamentalmente por parte del Banco Mundial, mientras que los rankings se copian directamente de la cultura global. Existe también una retórica alrededor de los términos de mejores, calidad, excelencia y tecnología que corresponden con el modelo global de la universidad corporativa. Esta idea contrasta, empero, con los términos de equidad, acceso, igualdad e inclusión que se encuentran en un discurso sobre involucramiento social correspondiente, en parte, con la idea local de la universidad latinoamericana. Las tensiones encontradas entre modelos de universidad que subyacen a viejos y nuevos mecanismos de regulación merecen estudiarse en otros países.Neste artigo, analisamos os discursos sobre a universidade em torno de dois recentes programas governamentais colombianos: os créditos educacionais Ser Pilo Paga e os rankings universitários Mide. Embora esses programas possam ser caracterizados como reformas com base no mercado ou neoliberais, não receberam uma análise sociológica que discuta sua relação com as mudanças na própria ideia da universidade. Analisamos a retórica em torno da sua concepção e implementação através de uma análise de conteúdo de artigos de jornais, documentos governamentais e organizações internacionais. Apoiados em uma perspectiva neo-institucional da teoria da sociedade mundial, verificamos que os créditos foram impulsionados principalmente pelo Banco Mundial, enquanto os rankings são copiados diretamente a partir da cultura global. Existe também uma retórica sobre os termos de melhores, qualidade, excelência e tecnologia correspondente ao modelo global de universidade corporativa. Essa ideia contrasta, contudo, com termos como equidade, acesso, igualdade e inclusão que se encontra em um discurso sobre envolvimento social correspondente, em parte, com a ideia local universidade latino-americana. As tensões encontradas entre os modelos universitários subjacentes antigos e novos mecanismos reguladores merecem ser estudadas em outros países

Liderazgo positivo para la resolución de conflictos, dirigido a internos de la penitenciaría de acacias

Esta investigación tiene pretende determinar aspectos de violencia que influyen a nivel general en la penitenciaría de Acacias, que permiten que no se lleve a cabo un adecuado proceso de resocialización, teniendo en cuenta el programa ofrecido a nivel institucional dirigido a una comunidad específica dentro de la misma. De igual forma se identifican elementos que se pueden resaltar dentro de las actividades cotidianas y que favorecen la resolución de conflictos de una forma natural y consensuada, promoviendo con ello la articulación de acciones pedagógicas para un beneficio común. Es así que el liderazgo positivo es uno de los elementos fundamentales que sirven de referencia para la promoción de entornos que permitan que el tiempo libre se pueda utilizar en el reconocimiento y apertura de nuevas posibilidades de cambio, no sólo en proyección para cuando se pueda obtener la libertar, sino más aún al interior del penal.This research aims to determine aspects of violence that influence at a general level in the penitentiary of Acacias, that allow an adequate process of re-socialization is not carried out, taking into account the program offered at institutional level directed to a specific community within the same. In the same way, elements that can be highlighted within daily activities are identified and favor the resolution of conflicts in a natural and consensual way, thus promoting the articulation of pedagogical actions for a common benefit. Positive leadership is one of the fundamental elements that serve as a reference for the promotion of environments that allow free time to be used in the recognition and opening of new possibilities for change, not only in projection when it can be obtained The libertar, but more still to the interior of the penitentiary